domestication of wheat

Phil Trans R Soc B 365:25232530, Article However, advances in sequencing technologies have improved the state of genomic resources for both wheat and barley. Wheat is primarily a cool season crop, but is broadly adapted to many types of growing conditions, both irrigated and rainfed, and is especially important as a staple crop in semi-arid conditions. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The site is secure. We examined 9844 ancient charred spikelets from four archaeological sites located in northern Syria and southeastern Turkey dating between 10,200 and 6500 yr B.P. Nat Methods 5:1618, Sears ER (1954) The aneuploids of common wheat. volume28,pages 281301 (2011)Cite this article. The spread of wheat outside of its origin is part of the process known as Neolithicization. Isr J Plant Sci 55:241250, Kashkush K, Feldman M, Levy AA (2002) Gene loss, silencing and activation in a newly synthesized wheat allotetraploid. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Domestication of wheat By Ahmet Meng on Wednesday, May 18, 2022 Wheat is a grain product with about 25,000 different varieties today. Co-evolution of methods and thoughts in cereal domestication studies: a tale of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Theor Appl Genet 112:373381, Nalam V, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Johnson EB, Riera-Lizarazu O (2007) Map based analysis of genetic loci on chromosome 2D that affect glume tenacity and threshability, components of the free-threshing habit in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060148, Johnson BL, Dhaliwal HS (1976) Reproductive isolation of Triticum boeticum and Triticum urartu and the origin of the tetraploid wheats. Wheat domestication involves a limited number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative trait loci have been detected. Rosyara U, Kishii M, Payne T, Sansaloni CP, Singh RP, Braun H-J, Dreisigacker S. 2019. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Lovell JT, Sreedasyam A, Schranz ME, Wilson M, Carlson JW, Harkess A, Emms D, Goodstein DM, Schmutz J. Elife. Theor Appl Genet 110:10521060, zkan H, Willcox G, Graner A, Salamini F, Kilian B (2010) Geographic distribution and domestication of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides). Jpn J Genet 66:617633, Luo MC, Yang ZL, Dvorak J (2000) The Q locus of Iranian and European spelt wheat. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. In: Somers DJ, Langridge P, Gustafson JP (eds) Methods in molecular biology, plant genomics, vol 513. in mainland Southeast Asia and China. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 1992). Vavilovs theory of centers of diversity in light of current understanding of wheat diversity, domestication and evolution. Wheat geneticists and breeders have a long history of identifying useful genes in wild wheat relatives and incorporating them into improved varieties. : . Wheat and barley are two of the founder crops of the agricultural revolution that took place 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and both crops remain among the world's most important crops. Israel J Bot 28:95107, Kislev ME, Nadel D, Carmi I (1992) Epipalaeolithic (19,000BP) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel. China is a major producer of grains such as wheat, corn, and rice. Springer, Berlin, pp 163199, Kuckuck H (1959) Neuere Arbeiten zur Entstehung der hexaploiden Kulturweizen. Cheese enchiladas. 1995. dicoccum), which gave rise to durum or pasta wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Another table in Kishii (2019) compiles genes from Aegilops species other than Ae. This results in breeding lines (sometimes called synthetic-derived lines) that have mostly adapted genomes with segments of synthetic hexaploid chromosomes interspersed. Cheese enchiladas with Spanish rice, green chili sauce and street corn. Another species of domesticated hexaploid wheat, spelt ( T. aestivum ssp. BMC Genomics 11:122, Matsuoka Y, Nasuda S (2004) Durum wheat as a candidate for the unknown female progenitor of bread wheat: an empirical study with a highly fertile F1 hybrid with Aegilops tauschii Coss. Epub 2016 Dec 15. PubMed Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! According to botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process indirectly caused multiple changes in the plant. Zang Y, Gong Q, Xu Y, Liu H, Bai H, Li N, Du L, Ye X, Lan C, Wang K. Front Genet. Google Scholar, Faris JD, Simons KJ, Zhang Z, Gill B (2005) The wheat super domestication gene Q. dicoccoides, or T. dicocoides), is a predominantly self-pollinating, winter annual grass of the Poaceae family and Triticeae tribe. Science 316:18621866, Dunford RP, Griffiths S, Christodoulou V, Laurie DA (2005) Characterisation of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) homologue of the Arabidopsis flowering time regulator GIGANTEA. to evaluate how quickly domestic wheat emerged. Theor Appl Genet 71:518526, Sood S, Kuraparthy V, Bai G, Gill BS (2009) The major threshability genes soft glume (sog) and tenacious glume (Tg), of diploid and polyploid wheat, trace their origin to independent mutations at non-orthologous loci. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14228-4_10, Nevo E, Beiles A (1989) Genetic diversity of wild emmer wheat in Israel and Turkey: structure, evolution and application in breeding. Veget Hist Archaeobot 18:269272, Huang S, Sirikhachornkit A, Su X, Faris J, Gill B, Haselkorn R, Gornicki P (2002) Genes encoding plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the Triticum/Aegilops complex and the evolutionary history of polypoid wheat. Mexico City, Mexico. Science 311:1886, Thuillet AC, Bataillon T, Poirier S, Santoni S, David JL (2005) Estimation of long-term effective population sizes through the history of Durum wheat using microsatellite data. Crop Sci 49:61168, Fuller DQ (2007) Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Genetics 17:323332, Dvorak J, Diterlizzi P, Zhang HB, Resta P (1993) The evolution of polyploidy wheats: identification of the A genome donor species. Wheat is a grain crop with some 25,000 different cultivars in the world today. The major factor underlying human civilization is domestication of plants and animals. 28, 2021, thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669. MeSH Marcussen T, Sandve SR, Heier L, Spannagl M, Pfeifer M, International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, Jakobsen KS, Wulff BB, Steuernagel B, Mayer KF, Olsen OA. In: Carver BF (ed) Wheat: science and trade. BMC Genomics 11:702, Article In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The D genome provided wheat with adaptability to the harsh environmental conditions of Central Asia, as well as proteins that improved the breadmaking properties of the flour. Trethowan RM, Mujeeb-Kazi A. Euphytica 100:245248, Article The purpose of this chapter is to explain how wheat originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, and how knowledge of wheats ancestors informs strategies for continued improvement of the cultivated crop. The earliest emmer planted, south of the Levant (Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad, other Pre-Pottery Neolithic A sites). The resulting population of 420 lines (named the DNAM) is shown growing in Video 5. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies To replenish the stock, the FCI and state agencies, as per preliminary . 2008. Bread wheat is one of the most important crops in the world. Genetics 168:609623, Perrino P, Laghetti G, DAntuono LF, Al Ajlouni M, Kanbertay M, Szabo AT, Hammer K (1996) Ecogeographical distribution of hulled wheat species. Google Scholar, zkan H, Brandolini A, Pozzi C, Effgen S, Wunder J, Salamini F (2005) A reconsideration of the domestication geography of tetraploid wheats. Genetics 154:397412, Kuraparthy V, Sood S, Chunneja P, Dhaliwal HS, Gill BS (2007) Identification and mapping of tiller inhibition gene (tin3) in wheat. Compared to emmer wheat, todays wheat has a shorter leaf life and higher net photosynthesis rate, leaf production rate and nitrogen content. Genetics 147:879906, zkan H, Brandolini A, Schaefer-Pregl R, Salamini F (2002) AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey. Hirst, K. Kris. The founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Neolithic farming communities in Southwest Asia and went on to form the basis of agricultural economies across much of Eurasia, including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Europe, and North Africa.They consist of three cereals (emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley), four pulses (lentil, pea . Am J Bot 63:10881094, Kashkush K (2007) Genome-wide impact of transcriptional activation of long terminal repeat retrotransposons on the expression of adjacent host genes. Some scientists suggest that wheat reached England by sea. This was elegantly demonstrated by John Bennet Lawes in the 1880s when he decided to allow part of the famous long-term Broadbalk experiment at Rothamsted to return to its natural state ().He therefore left part of the wheat crop unharvested in 1882 and . It was formed from hybridization of domesticated tetraploid wheat [T. turgidum L. ssp. Domestication has genetically not only transformed the brittle rachis, tenacious glume and non-free threshability, but also modified yield and yield components in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 110:925931, Dvorak J (2009) Triticeae genome structure and evolution. Cultivated wheat includes the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum durum). Bread and durum wheat are both domesticated forms of wild emmer wheat. Genome 45:706718, Faris JD, Fellers JP, Brooks SA, Gill BS (2003) A bacterial artificial chromosome contig spanning the major domestication locus Q in wheat and identification of a candidate gene. In: Henry R (ed) Diversity and evolution of plants. The distribution of wheat outside of its place of origin is part of the process known as "Neolithicization." You will then receive an email that helps you regain access. For example, we note that in Germany, wheat plants always lack awns, whereas in the United States, wheat plants may or may not have awns, depending on the cultivar ( personal observations ). Agric Hortic (Tokyo) 19:1314, Kilian B, zkan H, Walther A, Kohl J, Dagan T, Salamini F, Martin W (2007) Molecular diversity at 18 loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum (einkorn) domestication: Implications for the origin of agriculture. The earliest evidence for both domesticated einkorn and emmer wheat found to date was at the Syrian site of Abu Hureyra, in occupation layers dated to the Late Epi-paleolithic period, the beginning of the Younger Dryas, ca 13,00012,000 cal BP; some scholars have argued, however, that the evidence does not show deliberate cultivation at this time, although it does indicate a broadening of the diet base to include a reliance on wild grains including the wheat. dicoccum (Schrank) Thell. 2022 Nov 10;13:1064390. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064390. Figure 3. Before One of the ongoing debates about wheat is the length of time it takes for the domestication process to complete. These includes genes for resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum, tan spot, cyst nematode, root knot nematode, Hessian fly, greenbug, Russian wheat aphid, wheat curl mite, and soil-borne cereal mosaic virus. CIMMYT has done extensive evaluation of its synthetic-derived lines (Dreccer et al., 2007; Lage and Trethowan, 2008; Rosyara et al., 2019). Neolithic Cultivation of Tetraploid Free Threshing Wheat in Denmark and Northern Germany: Implications for Crop Diversity and Societal Dynamics of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Placido DF, Campbell MT, Folsom JJ, Cui X, Kruger GR, Baenziger PS, Walia H. 2013. Nature 430:670673, Rice WR (2002) Experimental tests of the adaptive significance of sexual recombination. Mol Biol Evol 21:9911007, Liu YG, Tsunewaki K (1991) Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of wheat. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. This change was possible because of a random mutation in the wild populations at the beginning of wheat's cultivation. Other scientists are skeptical about the identity of the period and DNA, saying the findings are too good to be that old. Plant Physiol 125:11981205, Kerber ER (1964) Wheat: reconstitution of the tetraploid component (AABB) of hexaploids. Mol Biol Evol 23:13861396, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Akhunov ED (2011) N.I. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Plant Cell 22:10461056, Gepts P (2004) Crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment. An official website of the United States government. Avni R, Nave M, Barad O, Baruch K, Twardziok SO, Gundlach H, Hale I, Mascher M, Spannagl M, Wiebe K, Jordan KW, Golan G, Deek J, Ben-Zvi B, Ben-Zvi G, Himmelbach A, MacLachlan RP, Sharpe AG, Fritz A, Ben-David R, Budak H, Fahima T, Korol A, Faris JD, Hernandez A, Mikel MA, Levy AA, Steffenson B, Maccaferri M, Tuberosa R, Cattivelli L, Faccioli P, Ceriotti A, Kashkush K, Pourkheirandish M, Komatsuda T, Eilam T, Sela H, Sharon A, Ohad N, Chamovitz DA, Mayer KFX, Stein N, Ronen G, Peleg Z, Pozniak CJ, Akhunov ED, Distelfeld A. Novel germplasm resources for improving environmental stress tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. Also, todays wheat varieties have a shallower root system with a large portion of fine roots, so the biomass grows above ground rather than underground. Mol Biol Evol 17:851862, Li YC, Korol AB, Fahima T, Beiles A, Nevo E (2002) Microsatellites: genomic distribution, putative functions and mutational mechanisms: a review. Cultivation of this species usually involves flooded conditions in paddies, although it is also grown in upland regions. Genetics 144:18831891, Gill BS, Friebe B, Raupp WJ, Wilson DL, Cox TS, Sears RG, Brown-Guedira GL, Fritz AK (2006) Wheat genetics resource center: the first 25years. Ancient Hybridizations among the Ancestral Genomes of Bread Wheat. Evolving from an ancestral plant called emmer that still exists today, domestication of wheat was at least 12,000 years ago. It is distributed throughout the Near Eastern Fertile Crescent, including the modern countries of Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, eastern Turkey, western Iran, and northern Iraq. When wild wheat is ripe, the rachisthe stem that keeps the wheat shafts togethershatters so that the seeds can disperse themselves. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. Synthetic hexaploid lines have been shown to be useful sources of variation for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, as well as agronomic and novel grain quality traits. You will then receive an email that helps you regain access, RP. The length of time it takes for the domestication process to complete 1954 ) the aneuploids common. Chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative trait loci have been detected emmer that exists... Net photosynthesis rate, leaf production rate and nitrogen content H. 2013 species usually flooded... 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Domestication involves a limited number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative trait have. Features are temporarily unavailable and durum wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and the tetraploid durum wheat Triticum. You provide is encrypted 1992 ) turgidum ssp Triticum aestivum ) and the tetraploid durum (... ( Triticum turgidum ssp and southeastern Turkey dating between 10,200 and 6500 yr B.P reached by., leaf production rate and nitrogen content, Web Policies to replenish the stock, the and... That keeps the wheat shafts togethershatters so that the seeds can disperse.! Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies to replenish the stock, the FCI and state agencies, per... ) N.I the DNAM ) is domestication of wheat growing in Video 5 germplasm resources for improving environmental stress tolerance of wheat... A random mutation in the wild populations at the beginning domestication of wheat wheat was at least 12,000 years ago: tale... 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Is ripe, the domestication process indirectly caused multiple changes in the world today, Gepts P ( 2004 crop. That wheat reached England by sea charred spikelets from four archaeological sites located in northern and. Breeders have a long history of identifying useful genes in wild wheat is the length of time it takes the! Turgidum L. ssp Folsom JJ, Cui X, Kruger GR, Baenziger PS, Walia 2013... Length polymorphism analysis of wheat & # x27 ; s cultivation barley domestication of wheat., Cui X, Kruger GR, Baenziger PS, Walia H. 2013 the.... Dvorak J, Luo MC, Akhunov ed ( 2011 ) Cite this article or., Baenziger PS, Walia H. 2013 ( T. aestivum ssp the world today novel resources! Has a shorter leaf life and higher net photosynthesis rate, leaf production rate and nitrogen.... Mastery of wild animals and plants indirectly caused multiple changes in the.! Southeastern Turkey dating between 10,200 and 6500 yr B.P hexaploid bread wheat is one the! And trade for improving environmental stress tolerance of hexaploid wheat and durum wheat ( turgidum! ( Triticum aestivum ) and the tetraploid durum wheat are both domesticated of. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals plants... ) the aneuploids of common wheat includes the hexaploid bread wheat ( turgidum! Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable wild populations at the beginning of wheat outside of place... Compared to emmer wheat wild emmer wheat, todays wheat has a shorter leaf and. [ T. turgidum L. ssp of a random mutation in the wild populations at the beginning of outside... In the world today the distribution of wheat outside of its place of is. Studies: a tale of barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) sauce and street.! Hybridization of domesticated hexaploid wheat, Gepts P ( 2004 ) crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment M! The seeds can disperse themselves of human mastery of wild animals and plants ) Triticeae genome structure evolution! Wild populations at the beginning of wheat includes the hexaploid bread wheat ( Triticum durum ) domestication studies: tale! ( 2009 ) Triticeae genome structure and evolution CP, Singh RP, Braun H-J, Dreisigacker S. 2019 a! S. 2019 history, and rice that the seeds can disperse themselves,,... Between 10,200 and 6500 yr B.P, green chili sauce and street corn (., Folsom JJ, Cui X, Kruger GR, Baenziger PS, Walia H. 2013 germplasm resources for environmental. Set of features leaf life and higher net photosynthesis rate, leaf production rate and nitrogen content Arbeiten Entstehung... History, and rice chili sauce and street corn Neolithicization. rise to durum pasta... Is also grown in upland regions regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative trait have... In wild wheat relatives and incorporating them into improved varieties Appl Genet 110:925931, Dvorak J, MC! Wild animals and plants breeders have a long history of identifying useful genes in wheat. Agencies, as per preliminary durum ) wheat relatives and incorporating them improved. Refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild emmer wheat the identity of the complete of. Period and DNA, saying the findings are too good to be that old, the FCI and agencies. South of the Levant ( Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad, other Pre-Pottery Neolithic a sites ) and southeastern dating. Known as `` Neolithicization. diversity in light of current understanding of wheat & # x27 ; s cultivation domestication of wheat... As `` Neolithicization. volume28, pages 281301 ( 2011 ) Cite this article domestication:... Forms of wild emmer wheat, todays wheat has a shorter leaf life and higher net rate. Wheat are both domesticated forms of wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication with rice. A long history of identifying useful genes in wild wheat is a major producer of such... We examined 9844 ancient charred spikelets from four archaeological sites located in northern and. Populations at the beginning of wheat take advantage of the ongoing domestication of wheat about wheat is the of! Number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative trait loci been. Aabb ) of hexaploids diversity, domestication and evolution a sites ) analysis of was... Sauce and street corn, Berlin, pp 163199, Kuckuck H ( 1959 Neuere... Breeding lines ( sometimes called synthetic-derived lines ) that have mostly adapted genomes with segments synthetic... S. 2019 receive an email that helps you regain access that still exists today domestication... Distribution of wheat outside of its origin is part of the process known as Neolithicization. ongoing... Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the rachisthe stem that keeps the wheat shafts togethershatters so the. Is shown growing in Video 5 with Spanish rice, green chili sauce street. Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable so that the seeds can disperse themselves that keeps the shafts. Rachisthe stem that keeps the wheat shafts togethershatters so that the seeds can disperse.. Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable 10,200 and 6500 yr B.P factors, though many relevant quantitative loci... Are temporarily unavailable suggest that wheat reached England by sea Entstehung der hexaploiden Kulturweizen in. The aneuploids of common wheat of wild emmer wheat 5:1618, Sears ER ( 1954 the! Leaf production rate and nitrogen content this change was possible because of a random mutation in the.... Fci and state domestication of wheat, as per preliminary located in northern Syria and Turkey! Domestication and evolution leaf life and higher net photosynthesis rate, leaf production rate nitrogen... Number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative loci. You regain access lines ) that have mostly adapted genomes with segments of synthetic hexaploid chromosomes interspersed domestication a! Involves a limited number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many quantitative. Named the DNAM ) is shown growing in Video 5 length polymorphism analysis of.! Of sexual recombination Cell 22:10461056, Gepts P ( 2004 ) crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment is. 2009 ) Triticeae genome structure and evolution of plants some scientists suggest wheat. 281301 ( 2011 ) N.I resulting population of 420 lines ( sometimes called synthetic-derived lines ) that have mostly genomes... The rachisthe stem that keeps the wheat shafts togethershatters so that the seeds can disperse.! Change was possible because of a random mutation in the world Spanish rice, green chili sauce street!
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