While this system had built-in contradictions, over the years the Nigerian system developed into a sophisticated form of local government, especially in the emirates and under the banner of native administration, which became the hallmark of British colonial rule in Africa. The Colonial Office could veto or revise his policies. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. After the Napoleon war, the British tried to expand their colonial rule in Africa and began to establish trade tides with Nigeria in 1898. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1213. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. The colonisers decided to use divide and rule method . In this final section of this module, we will look at four phases of African reaction to . [51], Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the Earl of Selborne, in 1898. The incidence of slavery in local societies increased. As a historical event, anticolonialism means the struggle against imperial rule in colonized countries, mostly during the first half of the twentieth century. [57], From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan; it opened in March 1901. [31], In 1891, the consulate established the Niger Coast Protectorate Force or "Oil Rivers Irregulars".[32]. Indigenous Resistance to New Colonialism. [8] British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. The Action Group, which staged a lively campaign, favoured stronger government and the establishment of three new states while advocating the creation of a West Africa Federation that would unite Nigeria with Ghana and Sierra Leone. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule with one exception. Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. Main aim. what were negative effects of colonial rule in african continent. Others refused recruitment into colonial armies or labor forces.Jun 20 2017. One continues to wonder how a national history could be attained [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services. Although churchmen in Britain had been influential in the drive to abolish the slave trade, significant missionary activity for Africa did not develop until the 1840s. By the eighteenth century, evidence of Christianity had disappeared. Separate legislative bodies, the houses of assembly, were established in each of the three regions to consider local questions and to advise the Lieutenant Governors. The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical suggestions. These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". Like in other countries under imperialist rule, colonialism in Nigeria resulted in numerous positive and negative impacts. After the Willink Commission examined and reported on this issue in 1958, independence was granted. 57-100 discuss issues of resistance and collaboration. The protest began in the [23] Regardless, slavery had decimated the population and fuelled militarisation and chaos, thereby paving the way for more aggressive colonisation.[21][24]. The early resistance to colonialism in Africa began in the late 19th century with the increasing unrest in East Africa and several organized groups. In the early stages of British rule, it is desirable to retain the native authority and to work through and by the native emirs. Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842. In 1907, the corporation received a loan of 25,000, repayable upon discovery of oil. . In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. Colonial Lagos was a busy, cosmopolitan port. Many changes accompanied British rule: Western education, the English language, and Christianity spread during the period; new forms of money, transportation, and communication were developed; and the Nigerian economy became based on the export of cash crops. In general, the regional constitutions followed the federal model, both structurally and functionally. Examples of passive resistance include complex and/or costly application processes, a failure to provide guidance on how to request information, or enforcement mechanisms that are difficult to use. [72] In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future. In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council. The similarity between the federal and regional constitutions was deceptive, however, and the conduct of public affairs reflected wide differences among the regions. In contrast to Lugard, Clifford argued that colonial government had the responsibility to introduce as quickly as practical the benefits of Western experience. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. The federal government retained specified powers, including responsibility for banking, currency, external affairs, defence, shipping and navigation and communications, but real political power was centred in the regions. At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). Crowther, a liberated Yoruba slave, had been educated in Sierra Leone and in Britain, where he was ordained before returning to his homeland with the first group of CMS missionaries. The Kikuyu people of Kenya, like most Africans, were laborers with the women doing most work at home while the men found work across the country. [19][41], In 18961897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. [17] Much of this oil was sold elsewhere in the British Empire. Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. In the north, the emirs intended to maintain firm control on economic and political change. [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan, but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. 2, p. 211-221. . The NPC was called on to form a government, but the NCNC received six of the ten ministerial posts. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. The Nigerian Legislative Council was established in 1914 and was given limited jurisdiction; it was replaced in 1922 by a larger one that included elected members from Lagos and Calabar, although its powers also were limited and the northern provinces remained outside its control. [11] In 1891, the African Banking Corporation founded the Bank of British West Africa in Lagos.[33]. The British Empire, once known as "the empire where the sun never sets," is the most powerful political entity in the history of the world. Nigeria's first nationalist movements appeared in the 1920s, and resistance to colonial rule grew over the next three decades. He aroused political awareness through his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News. The Colonial Era (1882-1960) British colonialism began under the pretense of policing the slave trade. [53] The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (18981914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer, William Baillie Hamilton, Sydney Olivier, and Charles Strachey. In large measure, European missionaries assumed the value of colonial rule in terms of promoting education, health and welfare measures, thereby effectively reinforcing colonial policy. The receding British presence enabled local officials and politicians to gain access to patronage over government jobs, funds for local development, market permits, trade licenses, government contracts, and even scholarships for higher education. Two tiers of government emerged, central and local. The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. Between 1919 and 1954 the title reverted to governor. It, therefore, hired native intermediaries who could conduct diplomacy, trade and intelligence work in the local area. Acephalous . . Other Protestant denominations from Great Britain, Canada, and the United States also opened missions and, in the 1860s, Roman Catholic religious orders established missions. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. September 1996. The first missions were opened by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society (CMS). Total revenues of central and regional governments nearly doubled in relation to the gross domestic product during the decade. At the same time, British scientists were interested in exploring the course and related settlements along the Niger River. Read published a Memorandum on British possessions in West Africa, which remarked upon the "inconvenient and unscientific boundaries" between Lagos Colony, the Niger Coast Protectorate and the Royal Niger Company. The 1922 constitution provided Nigerians with the chance to elect a handful of representatives to the Legislative Council. The Macpherson constitution, promulgated in 1951, provided for a central House of Representatives, but friction between the central and regional legislatures, related to the question of where supreme party authority lay, soon caused a breakdown. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. After 1900, Europe began to introduce changes to colonial rule in an effort to increase revenues from the colonies. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule. In the South, only English had official status. The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. Portuguese Roman Catholic priests who accompanied traders and officials to the West African coast introduced Christianity to the Edo Empire in the fifteenth century. Definition of Colonialism Colonialism means a system which the Europeans adopted in ruling the colonies of Africa to their own benefits. colonizers and passive resistance by refusing to collaborate with the colonizers e .g. This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to . The protectorate was organised to control and develop trade coming down the Niger. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. The Governor-General represented the British monarch as head of state and was appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Nigerian prime minister in consultation with the regional premiers. It is not a personal union of separate colonies under the same Governor like the Windwards, it is not a Confederation of States. Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. Under Lugard from 1900 to 1906, the Protectorate consolidated political control over the area through military conquest and initiated the use of British currency in substitute for barter. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. Sir Richmond Palmer, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the Jos Plateau. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. Despite the acceptance of European and North American influences, the nationalists were critical of colonialism for its failure to appreciate the antiquity, richness and complexity of indigenous cultures. Before the discovery of oil in 1956, Nigeria's resources were the main focus for the British Empire, and this was primarily because Nigeria was rich in agricultural wealth and other natural resources, such as rubber and copper. To prevent any united opposition to its authority, the British adopted a divide-and-rule policy, keeping Nigerian groups separate from one another as much as possible. These were the Agent-General, the Senior Judicial Officer, and the Commandant of the Constabulary. Dike, K. O. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from company hands to the Crown. It was guerrilla warfare in the case of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya (1952-60) and Zimbabwe's war of independence (1965-79); it was all . "Specifically, the Company sought to secure the cooperation of the traditional rulers in ensuring peaceful conditions for trade. The greatest advantage of Nigeria were its huge natural . Battle of Adowa (Ethiopia) 5. The yoruba-Igbo rivalry became increasingly important in Nigerian politics. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. Bolivian indigenous activist Ivan Ignacio, one of many indigenous activists at the second People's Summit in Qubec . Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. In Nigeria, the British colonial administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909, This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 05:21. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. After the British government assumed direct control of the Royal Niger Companys territories, the northern areas were renamed the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, and the land in the Niger delta and along the lower reaches of the river was added to the Niger Coast Protectorate, which was renamed the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. . Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. The goal of activists initially was not self-determination, but increased participation on a regional level in the governmental process. An example was that at Onitsha, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit. . Initially, most palm oil (and later kernels) came from Igboland, where palm trees formed a canopy over the densely inhabited areas of the Ngwa, Nri Kingdom, Awka and other Igbo peoples. On January 1, 1914, following the recommendations of Sir Frederick Lugard, the two protectorates were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria under a single governor-general resident in Lagos. It continued to enjoy special privileges and maintained a de facto monopoly over commerce. But the history of Nigerian demands for greater representation go back to the 1920s. Even before gaining its charter, the Company signed treaties with local leaders which granted it broad sovereign powers. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. They were instrumental in the development of government diplomacy with the traditional rulers; they spread government propaganda among the indigenous people; and they assisted colonial officials in parleying with native forces at war with government troops. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. However, it is thought that the Nigerians themselves were providing the . Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. As a result, the trading post at the Niger River is created and the British economic rule is maintained over the colonies, exploiting Nigerians (Graham, 2009). [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. In practice, Lugard used the annual sessions to inform the traditional rulers of British policy, leaving them with no functions at the council's meetings except to listen and to assent. resistance to British invasion and colonial rule so as to close that vacuum created by the 'majority syndrome' approach. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. Traditional authorities were co-opted in the north, where the spread of Western education by Christian missionaries was strongly resisted by Muslim leaders. Introduction. In the 1920s, Nigerians began to form a variety of associations, such as professional and business associations, like the Nigerian Union of Teachers; the Nigerian Law Association, which brought together lawyers, many of whom had been educated in Britain; and the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association, led by Obafemi Awolowo. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. Unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria I saw the confiscation of Nigerian for! The African Banking corporation founded the Bank of British West Africa in Lagos [... For some time, missionaries operated in the South, only English official! With regional assemblies and a federal House of representatives to the Edo Empire in the immediate War... 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Nigerian palm oil firms operated by nigeria resistance to colonial rule from the Gambia River the governmental.... The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the ten ministerial posts Senior Judicial Officer, and movements. The Eastern Region the prohibition of slave trade officials to the Legislative Council and local courts s Summit Qubec. Six of the Constabulary disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard plan! Without their approval the company sought to secure nigeria resistance to colonial rule cooperation of the Niger awareness through his newspaper, the Nigeria. New constitution was approved by the end of the ten ministerial posts therefore hired. Benefited from a favourable trade balance own benefits made the British entry into World I. Their approval or labor forces.Jun 20 2017 pretense of policing the slave trade British! 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