16 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Introduction: The Qualitative Method in Educational Research, Phenomenological Qualitative Methods and Strategies, Practising Phenomenology: Methods and Activities, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785134, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Overconfidence describes an individuals self-magnified knowledge, superiority, and accuracy (Fast et al., 2011). These two perspectives informed the conceptualisation of the research phenomenon and how the phenomenon has been approached methodologically. This is a pattern type cookie set by Google Analytics, where the pattern element on the name contains the unique identity number of the account or website it relates to. To avoid inappropriate subjective judgements, it is important to keep bracketing ones own presuppositions to see what might possibly emerge (Von Eckartsberg, 1972; Moustakas, 1994). 2, 913. Hello, would you like to continue browsing the SAGE website? The Philosophy of Social Research. In response, this section attempts to synthesize Moustakas definitions and descriptions, as well as provide additional examples before discussion in the context of biblical leaders. This strategic mode can guide the researcher to shift from the descriptive to the interpretive attitude. They register anonymous statistical data on for example how many times the video is displayed and what settings are used for playback.No sensitive data is collected unless you log in to your google account, in that case your choices are linked with your account, for example if you click like on a video. 24, 353361. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. Hollander, J. Human Science Perspectives and Models Transcendental Phenomenology No definite line distinguishes or separates these two approaches or attitudes. Although the light is to provide clarity in order to see things authentically, the process of seeing requires epoche. Kozulin, A. It utilized the phenomenological research design. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 21. Welcome to Regent University! University of Toronto Press. Starks, H., and Trinidad, S. B. It also allows the participants to evaluate the researchers reflection. Matthew Henrys commentary on the whole Bible: Wherein each chapter is summed up in its contents: The sacred text inserted at large in distinct paragraphs; each paragraph reduced to its proper heads: the sense given, and largely illustrated with practical remarks and observations. 2. doi: 10.1080/20797222.2006.11433930. Within these contexts, noema, noesis, epoche, and how these influence decision-making will be illustrated. The conceptions that people have of themselves, and others shape how they present themselves. Moustakas emphasizes that in phenomenological research I, the experiencing person, remain present. I, as a conscious person, am not set aside and with an open, transcendental consciousness, I carry out the Epoch (p. 87). Sauls three days of darkness were spent setting aside all suppositions and reframing his noetic perspective and its noematic meaning. The main attributes of the interviews may be summarised as follows: As an interview is influenced by the mode of bracketing, prior to each of the interviews it is necessary to elicit the participants experience separately from any comparison with ones own. Bracketing involves the following steps (Denzin, 1989): Locate within the personal experience or self-story, key phrases and statements that speak directly to the phenomenon in question. Figured worlds and education: an introduction to the special issue. Sleesman, D. J., Conlon, D. E., McNamara, G., & Miles, J. E. (2012). For example, the term can appear in Nietzsche, Husserl, and Heidegger, wherein it has been used to refer to very different concepts (Scott, 1988; Von Eckartsberg, 1989; Husserl and Hardy, 1999; Heidegger and Dahlstrom, 2005; Christofi and Thompson, 2007). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Fast, N. J., Sivanathan, N., Mayer, N. D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). How phenomenological reflection differs from other kinds, as (for instance) scientific reflection, must be treated in a separate paper. Experiential psychology: a descriptive protocol and a reflection. Moustakas, C. (1994). Noesis, noema, and the noetic-noematic correlates are critical to understanding transcendental phenomenology (Moustakas, 1994). Henry, M. (n.d). This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. In this article, it is argued that a hybrid phenomenological qualitative approach that, as shall be illustrated, brings together aspects of descriptive phenomenology, and aspects of interpretative phenomenology (Moustakas, 1994; Lopez and Willis, 2004), could assist researchers in navigating through the complexity of cross-cultural experiences encountered by individuals in novel social educational contexts. The changing character of phenomenological psychology. Look for the words HTML or . Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. has been cited by the following article: TITLE: The Phenomenology of Leadership WebThe researcher used some steps from Moustakass analysis data of transcendental phenomenology 1994 namely: 1 Before interviewing and processing the data, the researcher must be neutral, without any position to avoid the bias epoche 2 through phenomenological study, the researcher described some experiences from the studied phenomena, 3 the Groenewald, T. (2004). . Brentano, F. (1874). London: Routledge. Cont. Phenomenological psychology: Husserls static and genetic methods. Login or create a profile so that In each scene of the preExodus events, including the pre-plague request by Moses and Aaron, Pharaoh is provided demonstration of a power greater than his own. Here is an example of spontaneous answers to open questions taken from our previous work: Z. talks freely about the first week of experience in the novel educational social context in Australia: Explicitly, the first class was horrible; was very bad. Wheaton, IL: Victor Books. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 163194. A. The horizon of time and ontological difference, in Hermeneutical Phenomenology: Lectures and Essays. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117, 249-260. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.11.009, Flood, G. D. (2006). Pharaoh, however, only offered a compromised decision that the Israelite men could go. In response, Pharaoh repeated his declaration of having sinned against God, and he begged for relief from the locusts, which God provided. Individual Work Performance Questionnaire Instruction Manual. The discussion over the structures that emerge from all participants interviews should take the form of writing a composite summary to describe how the experienced phenomenon is seen by the participants (Giorgi, 1985; Hycner, 1985; Van Manen, 1990; Moustakas, 1994). Consciousness is the medium of access to whatever is given to awareness (Giorgi, 1997, p. 236); therefore, epistemologically, only subjective knowledge can be known about the experienced world. WebThe phenomenological reduction requires that one avoid all abstraction, all theorizing, all generalization, even all belief in the existence of what we call real or not real (the experience of a dream or hallucination can be just as real as the experience of an actual event). Grasping and using its philosophical tenets such as noema, noesis, noeses, noetic, and epoche in a meaningful way can be challenging, given their abstraction and complexity (Moustakas, 1994). Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Phenomenology is a form of inquiry that seeks to understand human experience (Moustakas, 1994), to explore phenomena and how it is perceived and experienced by individuals in the phenomenological event (Lester, 1999). As Moses and Aaron approached Pharaoh with Gods command to free His people, Pharaohs embrace of power, control, and defiance surfaces in his first response: Who is the Lord, that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? Exerting his power and authority, he instructed that the brick makers would now need to gather their own straw for the bricks but still meet the same quota (Ex 5:6-14). Turning the attention to imaginative variation is useful in examining identified meaning units reflectively, adding the dimension that allows subjective judgements. Psychological: self-justification theory: a) self-confidence results in disregard of negative results from decision due to over-confidence of self-ability to reverse probable negative outcomes, and b) ego threat in which decision-maker is highly sensitized to others opinions and thus does not want to be wrong, in order to guard reputation. This allows the researcher to return to the concrete aspect of the experience (Moustakas, 1994, p. 26) by offering a systematic attempt to present the experience as it appears in consciousness (Polkinghorne, 1989) and to focus on the importance of the individuals and their respective views about the lived experience (Lodico et al., 2006). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 89. Husserl, E., and Hardy, L. (1999). The present strategy allows a researcher to dialogue with both the participants and the data to produce a multi-layered description of the experience. (2011). The new attitude arising from the phenomenological reduction contains a critical dimension as well, in that 3. The end result of Pharaohs immovable and irrational decision was the severe suffering of the people, animals, agriculture, economy, and a devastatingly high death toll. I. Holloway (Maidenhead: Open University Press), 104124. In Australia, these students experienced life in a gender-mixed educational social context that is not built on religious pillars. Webphenomenological reduction process assists the researcher with this, allowing the researcher to keep an open mind and listen in a receptive manner to the participants Int. WebMoustakas, C. (1994). The second epistemological assumption is related to the previous one, that of intentionality. The magicians could not replicate the third plague (lice), and told Pharaoh it was the finger of God, but Pharaoh would not relent (Ex 8:18, 19). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Subsequently, the interviews were translated into English to be accessible to the scientific community internationally. Moustakas recognized that the source of the noematic meaning was his noesis, or noetic framework, which was formed through a prior experience with medical professionals in which healthcare decisions had a tragic impact on a sibling. A dance between the reduction and reflexivity: explicating the phenomenological psychological attitude. Guba, E. G. (1990). Double-sided transformations of culture-bound constituents in William Saroyans cross-cultural domain. In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. These cookies are set via embedded youtube-videos. Published 27 July 1994. 2, 2135. 1, 2554. As stated by Hollander et al. Introduction to Phenomenological Research. 10, 35. Sampling designs in qualitative research: making the sampling process more public. (2003). Qual. Given the findings of Fast et al. by W. R. B. Gibson]. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.014, Keywords: qualitative research, phenomenology, cross-cultural analysis, educational research, experience, Citation: Alhazmi AA and Kaufmann A (2022) Phenomenological Qualitative Methods Applied to the Analysis of Cross-Cultural Experience in Novel Educational Social Contexts. Hffding, S., and Martiny, K. M. (2016). Blanchard, S. (2013, September 27). Owens, B. P., & Hekman, D. R. (2012). Epoche, Phenomenological Reduction, Imaginative Variation, and Synthesis In: Phenomenological research methods By: Clark Moustakas Pub. doi: 10.46991/TSTP/2021.1.2.031. WebWhat is phenomenological reduction in qualitative research? (ed.) (2011), the most basic requisite for symbolic interaction is the existence of social selves who come together to share information, emotions, and goodsthe full range of human activities. 1000 Regent University Drive, Virginia Beach, VA 23464. Psychol. During these times, each oppressed Gods people (Ex 5; Acts 7, 8), received direct revelations from God (Ex 5 14; Acts 9), and experienced three days of darkness (Ex 10:21-23; Acts 9:8, 9). The importance of such a dialogical relationship, in phenomenological research, is supported by Rossman and Rallis (2003). Please include your name, contact information, and the name of the title for which you would like more information. This noetic construct resulted in the social phenomenon, the noema, of class and status differentiation, and noematic feelings of superiority and entitlement. This article explains how to apply the framework of phenomenological qualitative analysis to educational research. Following the transcription process, the second step consists in developing a general sense for each participants description. Phenomenology within the realm of religion is a highly debated topic. The Hague: M. Nijhoff. In particular, the study of cross-cultural experience involves two aspects: first is what we can call a transitioning experience between two cultures. (2005). That is because the ideas of phenomenology appeared as a reaction to the scientific positivist philosophical view of knowledge that dominated the philosophy of science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Husserl introduced the concept of consciously setting aside current thoughts, beliefs, and judgments which lend themselves to bias with use of the Greek word epoche, meaning to stay away from or abstain (Moustakas, 1994, p. 85). Denzin, N. K. (1992). Ivancevich, J. M., Konopaske, R., & Matteson, M. T. (2011). Keen, E. (1975). Dilthey Selected Writings. Int J Qual Methods 3, 4255. It takes time to be confident in eliminating some statements that do not meet the relevancy requirement. The study process is not a recipe to follow but rather a journey to take, and as Willig (2008, p. 2) pointed out, the concept of research has moved from a mechanical (how-to-apply-appropriate-techniques-to-the-subject-matter) to a creative (how-can-I-find-out?) 39, 132. Wertsch, J. V., del Ro, P., and Alvarez, A. Qualitative Inquiry in Clinical and Educational Settings. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press. 54, 259273. (2008). Yet Pharaoh then refused to change his mind (vs. 16- 20). This cookies are used to collect analytical information about how visitors use the website. The Interpreted World: An Introduction to Phenomenological Psychology. According to Von Eckartsberg (1972, p. 166) such a mode constitutes the reflective work, looking back and thinking about this experience, discovering meaningful patterns and structures, universal features that are lived out concretely in a unique fashion. Cogn. $41.85 - $45.00 8 Used from $40.95 19 New from $42.56. doi: 10.1177/1354067X9511003, Corbin, J., and Morse, J. M. (2003). Phenomenology has long served as a research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and professionals. Conducting descriptive interviews that allow participants to share and describe their lived experiences. The light is to provide clarity in order to see things authentically phenomenological reduction moustakas the process seeing... Is supported By Rossman and Rallis ( 2003 ) approved it for publication the conceptions that have! That in phenomenological research I, the process of seeing requires epoche days of darkness spent! 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( 2013, September 27 ) the framework of phenomenological qualitative analysis to research... Decision Processes, 117, 249-260. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.11.009, Flood, G. D. ( 2011.... Realm of religion is a highly debated topic D. J., Sivanathan N.. Humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and how the phenomenon has been approached methodologically contact,... Will be illustrated spent setting aside all suppositions and reframing his noetic perspective and noematic... B. P., and Trinidad, S. ( 2013, September 27 ) contingencies! Allows the participants to evaluate the researchers reflection the light is phenomenological reduction moustakas provide clarity in order to things. Present strategy allows a researcher to shift from the descriptive to the attitude. Religious pillars: phenomenological research I, the experiencing person, remain present phenomenological,... To educational research also allows the participants to evaluate the researchers reflection takes time to be in. N. 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