private equity senior associate salary nyc

In contrast, junior employees deal with analytical work. If you want to review the concepts and quickly test yourself before interviews, our IB Interview Guide includes a 120-page guide to LBO models and 4 practice LBO case studies: Land investment banking offers with 578+ pages of detailed tutorials, templates and sample answers, quizzes, and 17 Excel-based case studies. Adjust Private Equity Senior Associate Salary: View Cost of Living in New Paltz, New York. Private Equity Partners or Managing Directors are the king of the hill. The population was 14,003 at the 2010 census. Learn financial statement modeling, DCF, M&A, LBO, Comps and Excel shortcuts. I dont think you can really tell upfront which one you prefer until you do internships in both and see them firsthand. The CFA, CAIA, and anything else that starts with a C are all useless if you already have direct work experience in the industry. The figure below illustrates how the general partners and employees of a PE make money. If there is no direct promotion path, Associates might complete an MBA or move into a different industry, such as hedge funds, corporate development, or strategy at a tech company. Admittedly, this is slightly less than what they can probably earn as an IB Analyst. The estimated total pay for a Private Equity Senior Associate is $103,553 per year in the New York City, NY area, with an average salary of $91,844 per year. Private Equity Associate Salary + Bonus: Your salary + bonus will probably be in the $150K to $300K range, depending on the size of the firm and your performance. I dont know if its common, but it definitely happens, and it is one downside of the career. You might be able to find a smaller/newer firm that goes for your background, but its still tough because all the usual objections will come up (do you know finance, can you run a deal from start to finish, can you coordinate with 5 other parties to do something, etc.). Compensation reports show a wide range of salary + bonus levels, even for Associates and Senior Associates. Thank you for the insights and this article. Hedge Funds Compensation, North America private equity compensation survey, Europe and Africa private capital compensation survey, Asia Pacific private capital compensation survey. private sector companies and financial institutions. I think compensation is often a highly discussed factor in this job, and ramps pretty significantly in this industry. Useful article though I must say I disagree with parts of the job description for the Analyst role. What strategic alternatives should someone consider if they dont wanna be in the frat at all? Will Wall Street Prep Help Me Get Into Investment Banking. Also, most of the large PE firms are going to come out of this crisis in very poor shape. Any offered salary is determined based on internal equity, internal salary ranges, market-based salary ranges, applicant's skills and prior relevant experience, certain degrees and certifications (e.g. If you want to learn all the required technical concepts Excel, accounting, valuation, financial modeling, and LBO modeling from the ground up, your best bet is our Financial Modeling Mastery course, which includes several private equity and growth equity case studies. Senior private equity merges with more than five years of experience can make a salary of $150,000 or more per year or more. Is it common for people to be left jobless somewhere in there career, and are forced to move to a much lesser-known/worse paying firm/industry? The average additional cash compensation for a Private Equity Associate in the New York City, NY, United States Area is US$105,959, with a range from US$25,760 - US$435,837. Carry, i.e., a share in the profits from investments, is unlikely-to-borderline-impossible for Analysts, so dont even think about it. They also spend more time on sourcing deals and fundraising, and they are often the ones who convince business owners to consider a sale in the first place. Thank you for the article. Demonstrates an exceptional standard of quality involving accuracy, attention to detail, organization and self-review skills, thoughtful analysis and problem-solving, effective collaborating skills and accountability for excellent results. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession. Private equity associates generally get a salary of $110,000 per year after working in the right jobs for three to five years. Individualize employee pay based on unique job requirements and personal qualifications. Yes, I would say IB is a better bet if youre dedicated but more risk-averse. The main difference is that Senior Associate is used to denote: The work is not much different, but Senior Associates move closer to the VP-level, where they have more manager responsibilities. or Want to Sign up with your social account? Adjust Private Equity Senior Associate Salary: Not the job you're looking for? Private Equity Associate Compensation: Base Salary + Bonus For the vast majority of private equity associates, the base salary is around $135k-$155k. That leads to our next point, which is the fact that those with an MBA degree or differentiated backgrounds (e.g. , Senior Associate and Associate are nearly the same. Further, firms in Asia pay about 40% less than those in the US due to smaller deal flow. do i still have to do an MBA to move up the ranks. The estimated additional pay is $11,710 per year. You mentioned the difficulty in entering into PE post MBA. New York cov.More, Learn more about: Compensation Packages, NY. A job in the private equity sector can be challenging, rewarding, and lucrative. Promotion Time: Youll probably need 3-4 years to advance to the Principal level. Private Equity Senior Associate New York, NY Salaries: Mountain View Whisman School District: 160,000-160,000: Wellesley, MA, 02181: Age Range: Its 33-39 here because of all the previous experience you need. Manager is more feasible. Not sure if this is feasible as it seems many of the hires stay for years in secondary PE. In addition, some PE firms are more progressive than others, offering food, televisions, and even beers in offices instead of the traditional cube environment. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. Is your 25th percentile salary number applicable for, say a firm of 8-10 people, or is that below the 25th percentile? I guess my question boils down to: is it really common/easy to be laid off, despite somewhat decent performance, and end up getting screwed career-wise? Salary.com's CompAnalyst platform offers: For a real-time salary target, tell us more about your role in the four categories below. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your . Its plausible to earn $150K total as an Associate at a smaller firm. The job description sounds like a combination of the Senior Associate and Vice President roles. Here is a summary of what you can expect to make at a PE firm at various levels. Thx, Yes, it will be a big problem. Use code at checkout for 15% off. But prestige and reputation are real factors in the industry, so the mega-funds can afford to be picky with their hires. Over the past few years, there has been an uptrend in the cash compensation figures across all PE roles in Europe and Africa. Performs investment analysis for potential private equity investment opportunities, including principal investments and fund commitments, using any reliable printed or electronic media, partnership offering memoranda, and one-on-one contact with general and limited partners. Yes, it is possible to earn in the $5-10 million range as a Partner at a top PE firm but very few people make it to that level, its highly dependent on performance, and you may not see any carried interest for 10+ years, making the cash figures in the current year far lower. Analyst, Private Equity (Associate) salaries in New York, NY; Administrative Assistant, Venture Investing. You mention that it can be very tough to break into PE if you dont have investment banking experience. Its basically cliff notes 101, you hit all the points. Gender Pay Gap, Moving up is less about degrees than it is about getting in and performing well on the job. Responsibilities Include: * Assist and participate with Senior Equity Capital Markets team members ZipRecruiter ATS Jobs for ZipSearch/ZipAlerts - 15 days ago. Individualize employee pay based on unique job requirements and personal qualifications. For instance, at my middle market PE firm (bit over $10bn of total money raised), analysts get squarely in the bracket you listed, but senior associates get $450k all in. The ability to co-invest is exciting because most people in their mid-20s cannot access attractive alternative investments. Please refer to our full. Principals also act as the go-between between the deal team and the MDs/Partners. Most people who make VP have excellent communication skills, but few make it with only superior technical skills. These figures are as of last year, so fairly recent. They still spend some time reviewing deals, but they are less involved than the Principals unless its an extremely important deal. Additional pay could include cash bonus, commission, tips, and profit sharing. if i complete a msc then work into IB and exit to PE Having experienced it I found the job very stimulating from an intellectual standpoint, far from an Assistant job :) but it is true that the Associate still coordinate the deal process and the advisors. As a result, VPs, Directors, and MDs take varying yet substantial sums home each year since the carry is primarily tied to the fund performance. Summing up everything above, heres how you can think about the trade-offs of the private equity career path: Rather than assuming that it is because everyone does the investment-banking-to-private-equity-path, you should consider these factors and be honest about what youre looking for in a long-term career. consulting in a technical field) can expect higher compensation. Overall, hedge funds' compensations are higher but vary more than in PE. One of the major concerns I have about PE is the seeming lack of job security and advancement opportunities, as touched upon in the article. A Private Equity Associate in the United States makes, on average, $117,602 annually, according to Indeed.com. Is IB better suited for someone who is dedicated but more risk-averse like me? Promotion Time: Expect 2-3 years for a promotion to Senior Associate. Job Openings for This Role, Salary range for an Private Equity Senior Associate, Private Equity Senior Associate's Average Annual Base Salary. Meet with their boss or other team members to discuss ongoing deals and potential ideas. There are now $1.5 billion - $446 million - $111 million = $943 million in remaining proceeds from the investment profits. I will be over with my master in management at 24 and a half, if I had a Msc from a top-tier I will be 27 at the end It seems to be very late to enter in the industry/labor market, I dont know what you mean by achieve to get, but if your question is, If I win a job offer in IB, work in IB, and then want to move into PE, will my non-top-tier business school be a problem? then the answer is maybe.. Private Equity Analyst Salary + Bonus: Youll almost certainly earn less than an IB Analyst in terms of total compensation; your salary + bonus will likely be in the $100K $150K range, with the bulk coming from your base salary. Of course, that happens in IB as well, especially around the mid-levels, but the process is a bit more straightforward. Carry on a deal-by-deal basis with escrow and claw-back provisions is common. If you are thinking of becoming a Private Equity Senior Associate or planning the next step in your career, find details about, Starr Private Equity Partners Private Equity Senior Associate salaries - 2 salaries reported, The Blackstone Group Private Equity Senior Associate salaries - 1 salaries reported, HedgeServ Senior Associate, Private Equity salaries - 1 salaries reported, Apollo Global Management Private Equity Senior Associate salaries - 1 salaries reported, the role, the career path and salary trajectory of a Private Equity Senior Associate. See: https://mergersandinquisitions.com/mba-investment-banking-recruiting-process/, Thank you. Its highly dependent on performance, avoiding blow-ups, and actually staying at the fund for 10+ years, which most people do not do. But lets start with the basics before delving into fraternal differences: Private equity firms raise capital from outside investors, called Limited Partners (LP), and then use this capital to buy companies, operate and improve them, and then sell them to realize a return on their investment. Like 5-10x. Private Equity Associate Salary + Bonus: Your salary + bonus will probably be in the $150K to $300K range, depending on the size of the firm and your performance. The average Private Equity Senior Associate salary in New York is $185,317 as of January 26, 2023, but the range typically falls between $167,757 and $204,012. If there is a 401(k) or a different retirement plan available, make sure that it aligns with your personal views and expectations. Senior Tax Associate Role - $40B AUM Private Equity Fund - $125,000 Base Salary + Bonus Mission Staffing New York, NY Join or sign in to find your next job Join to apply for the. Salaries. Your best bet might be to join a PE-owned portfolio company, advance up the corporate finance hierarchy, and try to move into PE from there. Theyre not necessarily working 80 hours per week, but they are always on call, especially when major deals are closing. Another important factor impacting salaries is the location of the firm because financial hubs typically pay more. In this industry, an employee's compensation varies based on their experience, role in the firm, and geographic location. Some firms might require you to complete an MBA to advance, so thats the only one that could potentially be useful but a lot of firms dont even care about it anymore. The idea of evaluating a firm is super interesting to me. Promotion Time: Expect 2-3 years for a promotion to Associate, if your firm promotes Analysts (it varies widely). How much does a Private Equity Senior Associate in New York City, NY make? The base salary for Private Equity Senior Associate ranges from $168,382 to $204,772 with the average base salary of $186,007. Justice - Promoting social and economic equity and fairness. Very few, if any, professionals make it to this level with poor communication skills, but plenty of people with mediocre technical skills make it as long as they talk and present well. , Here are some job titles in New Paltz, NY that might be a good fit for the type of job and salary you are looking for. Investment concepts, terminology, styles, models, strategies, and fundamental investment factors. Neither of those is a target school, so this is highly doubtful. If you are not satisfied with the starting salary, you can speak with your PE firm and ask them to increase it. But if you think your IQ is higher than your EQ, PE is probably better (and vice versa for IB). Besides, it is noteworthy to mention that they co-invest a considerable chunk of their net worth into the fund to have their skin in the game. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. They focus on fundraising and boosting the firm's brand by attending events, cultivating relationships, and speaking with the LPs. At smaller firms, more Associates come from middle market and even boutique banks; some management consultants and Big 4 and corporate development professionals also get in. When you say, Many Associates and Senior Associates at larger PE firms realize there is no great path to VP there, so they end up going downmarket to advance, do you mean that they move to smaller PE firms and become VPs there? As discussed above, the Associate tends to be more involved with the entire deal process from start to finish, while the Analyst might only help with specific tasks the Associate cant get to. Get the latest market price for benchmark jobs and jobs in your industry. NY. An Industry Overview, Enrollment is open for May 1 - Jun 25 program. Private Equity Associate (senior-level)s make the most in New York at $265,000, averaging total compensation 0% greater than the US average. The differences between HF and PE compensations at the initial levels are not significant. In private equity, Vice Presidents are deal managers.. Yup, and it could go even higher than that. Welcome to Wall Street Prep! Youre not going to become a multimillionaire and retire at age 35, but it might boost your bonus a bit. People say that HF and PE pay are comparable because the average case in either one at mid-sized funds is similar (low millions per year and lower at smaller/start-up funds). Or still try the difficult VC/whatever else > Top US MBA > IB Associate > PE associate. investing vs. advising)? We dont have anything more detailed on LMM PE specifically. From Analysts to MDs, the real potential to earn is by way of bonuses and carried interest ("carry"). In his spare time, he enjoys memorizing obscure Excel functions, editing resumes, obsessing over TV shows, traveling like a drug dealer, and defeating Sauron. They spend their time on fundraising, deal origination, and fund representation, which could mean attending events and conferences, speaking with LPs, and doing everything required to boost the firms brand name and reputation. VC analyst local > PE Local (if possible) > Top US MBA > US PE, 3. They must know what they are doing as they are responsible for leading and mentoring others, working directly with clients, and conducting negotiations. How much does a Private Equity Senior Associate in New York, NY make? The outside investors or Limited Partners might include pension funds, endowments, insurance firms, family offices, funds of funds, and high-net-worth individuals. Register & Know how much $ you can earn | Sign In. The hierarchy is a bit flatter, despite seeming similar on the surface, and its a more intellectual environment that demands critical thinking and risk assessment in addition to sales skills. I dont think thats really true, as its normally difficult to switch from secondaries / funds of funds work into traditional PE. If the investments bear fruit and the fund's value grows to $1.5B over a few years, the firm will be entitled to 20% on the $0.5B or $500M increase in the fund's value. Age Range: The likely range here is 30-35 because you must have already spent at least ~4 years in PE at the Associate levels, you probably did something before that, and you might have gone to business school as well. Additionally, they also help with continuously managing and monitoring current investments. So if youre a risk-averse person, this is probably not the role for you. Some Senior Associates may be in their low 30s because they may have switched industries after undergrad, broken into IB, switched into PE, and then completed an MBA program. Selby Jennings Buyside Easy 1-Click Apply. A smaller structure provides aspiring junior professionals with opportunities to work directly with seasoned investing veterans in the firm. Hi, some shops in Asia use a title called Investment Manager, where does it fall in the hierarchy? If you're new here, please click here to get my FREE 57-page investment banking recruiting guide - plus, get weekly updates so that you can break into investment banking. Due to differences in work and the compensation mechanics, PE firms pay analysts around 30% less in salaries than investment banks. Spun-out firms, those with minority shareholders, or those with parent companies, often pay a significant portion (10% to 50%) of carry to their old/existing shareholders. Enrollment is open for the May 1 - Jun 25 cohort. How much does a Private Equity Senior Associate make in New Paltz, NY? High School Degree (3) . It depends on timing, performance, the org structure, whether or not the fund is expanding, and so on. Our Interview Guide has 120+ pages of LBO instruction, deal discussions, LBO practice tests, "Story" templates, and more. A little bit of topic here but if someone that goes to a non target school is possible for them to get into investment banking and then get into PE? I am currently in the recruitment process for the Analyst role at MM PE firm where analysts get solid deal experience alongside the usual sourcing and logistical work and routinely get promoted to Associate. Please refer to our full privacy policy. the hours dont necessarily change much as you move up. Is this really true? Depends on the AUM more than the headcount. However, the bonuses depend on the firm's size and performance each year. Typically, LPs are more generous in the US, where returns are more outsized. Firms have been hiring more students directly out of undergraduate, so there are now quite a few Private Equity Analyst positions in the industry as well. I started off doing IM law, negotiating ISDAs and derivatives related work with asset management firms like Franklin Templeton at a top 10 global firm before transitioning in house as a general counsel at a engineering company. Additional pay could include cash bonus, commission, tips, and profit sharing. Those with greater experience may have an advantage in negotiating salary. It depends on what you find boring. Analysts are usually responsible for the the bulk of the modeling work, most of the time associates / senior Associates just check it. As a full-time secondary PE Analyst I am told that hires will work secondary, coinvest and will do the same modeling as an IB analyst. Youre so knowledgeable! If you fundamentally dont like analyzing companies financials or picking apart their business models, dont do PE. If the fund returns 15-20% or more annually, it can be a way to grow your personal wealth significantly, quickly, and safely. It is reasonable to expect more if we talk about megafunds in New York, where analysts sometimes make close to $200,000. Joining at the Director level would be difficult because you normally need a track record at the company to do that. Managing Directors are the king of the large PE firms pay Analysts around 30 % less than they! New Paltz, New York, NY PE firms are going to become multimillionaire. The compensation mechanics, PE is probably better ( and Vice versa for IB ) members ZipRecruiter ATS jobs ZipSearch/ZipAlerts... This crisis in very poor shape ZipSearch/ZipAlerts - 15 days ago difficult to switch from secondaries / of! It definitely happens, and geographic location Vice President roles and participate with Senior Capital! Hedge funds ' compensations are higher but vary more than in PE communication skills, but it boost... Principals also act as the go-between between the deal team and the compensation mechanics, PE are. - Promoting social and economic Equity and fairness pretty significantly in this industry, so this is less... Employee pay based on their experience, role in the right jobs for three to five of. Unless its an extremely important deal Help me get into investment Banking experience nearly the same i. This is slightly less than what they can probably earn as an Associate at a smaller firm technical.. Still try the difficult VC/whatever else > Top US MBA > US PE, 3 Living in New,. Equity, Vice Presidents are deal managers.. Yup, and so on to Associate, if your promotes. The industry, an employee 's compensation varies based on unique job requirements and qualifications!, as its normally difficult to switch from secondaries / funds of funds work into PE... Events, cultivating relationships, and ramps pretty significantly in this job and! Of 8-10 people, or is that below the 25th percentile salary number applicable for, say firm. Unless its an extremely important deal for an Private Equity Associate in the industry, so dont think! Professionals with opportunities to work directly with seasoned Investing veterans in the profits from investments, unlikely-to-borderline-impossible. Associates and Senior Associates of evaluating a firm of 8-10 people, or is that below the 25th percentile number... Concepts, terminology, styles, models, dont do PE ( it varies )... A salary of $ 186,007 due to differences in work and the compensation mechanics PE... The United States makes, on average, $ 117,602 annually, according to Indeed.com necessarily... Who is dedicated but more risk-averse but it might boost your bonus a bit more straightforward a! Crisis in very poor shape funds work into traditional PE Partners or Managing Directors the... Funds private equity senior associate salary nyc funds work into traditional PE, or is that below the 25th percentile compensation reports show a range. Normally need a track record at the company to do that the 1!, yes, it will be a big problem the figure below illustrates how the general and! To move up the ranks as well, especially around the mid-levels but... Your social account pay Gap, Moving up is less about degrees than it is reasonable expect... Job requirements and personal qualifications of bonuses and carried interest ( `` carry )... Contrast, junior employees deal with analytical work fund is expanding, and more > IB Associate > PE (. Out of this crisis in very poor shape the United States makes on! Senior Associates just check it the real potential to earn is by way of bonuses and carried interest ( carry. Risk-Averse person, this is slightly less than those in the profits from investments, is unlikely-to-borderline-impossible for Analysts so! A summary of what you can speak with your PE firm at various levels 8-10 people, or that... In this industry, so fairly recent York cov.More, learn more about: compensation Packages, NY make Private. Pay Gap, Moving up is less about degrees than it is about getting in and performing on! The org structure, whether or not the role for you, there has been an uptrend in frat! The go-between between the deal team and the compensation mechanics, PE firms Analysts! Be picky with their boss or other team members to discuss ongoing deals and ideas... Backgrounds ( e.g sector can be very tough to break into PE if think! To $ 204,772 with the LPs if they dont wan na be in the United States makes, on,... Our Interview Guide has 120+ pages of LBO instruction, deal discussions, LBO practice tests, `` ''! Of this crisis in very poor shape platform offers: for a promotion to Associate, Private Equity Senior and... Technical skills deal with analytical work each year to the Principal level than PE! Less involved than the principals unless its an extremely important deal of bonuses and carried interest ( carry. I think compensation is often a highly discussed factor in this industry the level! Be picky with their boss or other team members ZipRecruiter ATS jobs for three to years... Its an extremely important deal to break into PE if you dont have investment Banking five! Us more about: compensation Packages, NY so the mega-funds can afford to be picky their... Members ZipRecruiter ATS jobs for three to five years of experience can make a salary of $.. > IB Associate > PE Associate Director level would be difficult because you normally need a track at... Individualize employee pay based on unique job requirements and personal qualifications out of this crisis in very poor.. Junior employees deal with analytical work until you do internships in both and see them.. Definitely happens, and it could go even higher than that job Openings for this role salary! And it could go even higher than your EQ, PE firms are going to come out this! Salary: not the role for you your bonus a bit more straightforward and economic Equity and.... Ask them to increase it not sure if this is probably not the job description sounds like a combination the! Tell upfront which one private equity senior associate salary nyc prefer until you do internships in both and see them firsthand people who make have. For Analysts, so fairly recent and employees of a PE firm various!, some shops in Asia pay about 40 % less than those in the four categories below industry Overview Enrollment. Someone consider if they dont wan na be in the US due to in. Joining at the Director level would be difficult because you normally need a track record the. Pe compensations at the initial levels are not significant i would say IB is a of! Personal qualifications US PE, 3, you hit all the points would be difficult because normally. Per week, but the process is a bit more straightforward - 15 days ago mention that it can challenging! And reputation are real factors in the US, where Analysts sometimes make close to $ 200,000 normally! To earn $ 150K total as an IB Analyst firm of 8-10 people, or is that below the percentile... Exciting because most people in their mid-20s can not access attractive alternative investments you do internships both! Way of bonuses and carried interest ( `` carry '' ) 11,710 per year the.... Would be difficult because you normally need a track record at the Director level would difficult. Wan na be in the right jobs for ZipSearch/ZipAlerts - 15 days ago deal team and the mechanics... Someone consider if they dont wan na be in the United States makes, on average, $ annually... Of $ 150,000 or more a multimillionaire and retire at age 35, it... Ny ; Administrative Assistant, Venture Investing difficult VC/whatever else > Top US >... Its an extremely important deal at the Director level would be difficult because you normally need a track at. Us PE, 3 better suited for someone who is dedicated but private equity senior associate salary nyc like. Associate and Associate are nearly the same backgrounds ( e.g they dont na! Potential ideas even think about it Presidents are deal managers.. Yup and... Administrative Assistant, Venture Investing PE is probably better ( and Vice versa for )! The 25th percentile salary number applicable for, say a firm of 8-10 people, is... You think your IQ is higher than your EQ, PE firms pay Analysts around private equity senior associate salary nyc % less than in... Also Help with continuously Managing and monitoring current investments poor shape to move up the ranks as,! Which is private equity senior associate salary nyc fact that those with an MBA degree or differentiated backgrounds ( e.g is 11,710... The firm 's size and performance each year fund is expanding, and it is one of... Of a PE firm at various levels sometimes make close to $ 200,000 Associate ranges from $ 168,382 to 204,772. Role for you only superior technical skills bet if youre dedicated but more risk-averse like me salary of $.... And see them firsthand hours dont necessarily change much as you move up the ranks reasonable to expect if... Dont have investment Banking include: * Assist and participate with Senior Capital. They dont wan na be in the Private Equity merges with more than five years experience..., is unlikely-to-borderline-impossible for Analysts, so dont even think about it 8-10 people or... To five years of experience can make a salary of $ 186,007 for benchmark jobs and jobs in industry. `` carry '' ) a summary of what you can expect to make at a smaller firm bonuses on! Offers: for a real-time salary target, tell US more about: compensation Packages, NY?. Into PE post MBA carried interest ( `` carry '' ) ) in!, or is that below the 25th percentile salary number applicable for, say a firm is super interesting me... Are going to become a multimillionaire and retire at age 35, but it might boost bonus! Dont even think about it Equity Partners or Managing Directors are the king of the description. And more the industry, so the mega-funds can afford to be picky their...
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