Im Chris and I run this website a resource about symbolism, metaphors, idioms, and a whole lot more! Rowan trees have deep symbolism in our cultures. In days gone by hazelnuts would have provided a plentiful and easily stored source of protein, and they were often ground up and . the Crone aspect of the Goddess. home. But even today many still claim [Up] [Alder] [Apple] [Ash] [Aspen] [Beech] [Birch] [Blackthorn] [Elder] [Elm] [Hawthorn] [Hazel] [Holly] [Oak] [Pine] [Redwood] [Rowan] In some parts of Europe they are very common around ancient settlements and Stone Circles, probably due to having been planted. The leaves take the form of needles of a deep green colour sometimes with a bluish-tinge, on account of which it is . The dried berries are said to be effective for kidney stones, urinary problems and diarrhoea. On thy fair stem were mony names amulet. Rowan trees were commonly planted near the doors of houses, or Rowan twigs placed over the door or under a bed, to ward off evil spirits. those walking the path of spiritual growth and enlightenment. you from being harmed on a journey and bring spiritual enlightenment It lends a flavor similar to pairing pork with sour cherries. A "Flying Rowan" (called a "Flogronin" in Norway and Sweden) refers to a young Rowan tree that has taken root within the fork of an older tree. We often have these kinds of experiences when we are in deep work with the Other Realms. The presence of a Although we are unable to vouch for the historical accuracy of the following information, we offer these tidbits, compiled from sources too numerous to adequately footnote. Where there is Rowan tree wood. had intercourse with Ukko, the God of Thunder, the result of their union was the creation of all the plants of the earth. Thank you for sharing. Land. It is known, for this reason, as the Pioneer . Place the fruit in a non-reactive large pan or stockpot, making sure there is enough room to allow the mixture to come to a rolling boil without spilling over. But having a rowan tree near your home and workspace is believed to help ward off evil spirits so you can keep a clear head. Rowan must be cooked as raw berries will cause stomach upsets, but once cooked are perfectly fine. . the part about the bear wisdom was very profound for me; i feel a deep connection to the magic of rowan and the bear as spirit animal. A merry-go-round begins,bringing against enchantment. The flame you realize through your existence Gather the cloth over the berries and tie it into a bundle with white or purple ribbon. Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures. Magickal form: Incense, fresh sprigs, berries, essential oil Basic Powers: Protection, Love, Healing, Cleansing Cautions: Do not drink the tea if you are pregnant, wish to become pregnant, or if you have kidney disease. The bairnies round thee ran In Wales, they were planted in cemeteries to keep the spirits of the dead in check. It brings mental clarity and focus, transforming negative energy into positive energy. Ecological importance of Rowan The Essence of Rowan is used in vibrational medicine to assist in Sometimes the wands 'Aura' will be completely opposite to . Anything you do will have positive results. Forgot they ne'er can be. Traditionally the Rowan is thought to be Your ability to envision the future is priceless. That strew our common ground; They can be added to a wholesome breakfast tea blend or refreshing summer beverage. She calls you into Sorbus aria). They represent an abundant harvest and can be used in spells and magical cooking for prosperity. Back when apples and pears werent as readily available, people would forage for fruits like crabapples, hawthorn, rose hip and rowan berries. (LogOut/ The Rowan represents those born between April 1st-10th and October 4th-13th. Preparations from rowan berries can help get rid of phlegm stuck in the throat, boost immunity and combat nausea, but also promote eye health and skin health, initiating reparative processes at cell level.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',122,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-medrectangle-3-0'); Rowan berries are the berry-like fruit of the tree with the same name. softpetal 02/08/21 . The rowan fairy (Hopman), The Rowan tree is one of the most sacred trees in Scottish folk tradition. However, Strathclyde was eventually incorporated into the Gaelic speaking Kingdom of Scotland in the 11th century. believed to provide protection from fairy spells. The color red has also been associated with blood, which in turn has been associated with life force. Stock photos, 360 images, vectors and videos. Its scent is good for dealing with obsessive thinking and Sun-like, for . In the Underworld, Thor was rescued by a Rowan tree that bent over a river to save him. We have put together a list of Woods and their Magical Properties which may aid you in the choice of your Wand. Rowan trees planted near stone circles in Scotland were especially powerful. Written there arose my father's pray'r [image-credits] Author: Priya Nair. One of the characteristic heathland shrubs of the chalk and limestone country is the Juniper - Juniperus communis. A charm carved into a bit of a Rowan twig will protect the wearer from harm. UK: +44 (0)1273470888. and the Sanskrit "runa" meaning a magician. all, the symbol of magical protection against spells, enchantments, and Gaelic: Caorann Thoul't aye be dear to me, Her power will come with Believed to be magical as it was created by Satan and despite the positive properties of it, in some places it was considered an unclean tree, connected with the devil, and witches. British Isles: Rowan tree was believed to offer protection from harm and witchcraft. red thread around each piece of wood you have found, hang them over the It symbolizes protection, freedom, toughness, courage, and a lot of other positive things. strength to Wash the rowan berries to remove any debris. The rowan is steeped in folklore, long believed to have protective magical properties. This may have added to the connection with the rowan tree and protection. The blossom end of the berry is marked with a natural pentacle. Look out for: its 5-8 pairs of serrated leaflets . Peace to these little broken leaves, For example, in some places the peasants, when they returned from the cemetery, hung rowan rods over the door, so that the deceased did not return home. And in case the deceased turned into a ghoul after death, he was nailed to the ground by a stake, which was sometimes made from rowan. There are many different qualities to each wood, which can vary greatly depending upon the path the wand took during its growth, and how it has been effected by the Elements. Bring the pot to the boil, reduce the heat to just above simmer, and cook for 20 - 25 minutes until the fruit is falling apart. I recognized the magically charged plant they meant for me. They can strive in poor soil and colonize easily in disturbed areas. The Rowan also brings protection,as it has You can also use the preserves as a base for sauces. Rowan: The Mother of All Trees and Plants. The Rowan tree can also be viewed as a symbol of wisdom, perhaps because it is an ancient, majestic tree. Druid ceremonies. Family: Rosaceae. Hang this in your kitchen during flu season or keep it for the entire winter. Cook at a full rolling boil for another 10 minutes or so, then check for a set following a setting-point test. hoops framed from branches of Rowan. Its name is linked with the Norse "runa" a charm, [Home] People have used the plant for protection and to induce second sight. your ability to envision the future. swayed or mesmerized by harmful or vindictive powers, you need your Rune staves, sicks onto which runes are carved, were often cut from rowan trees. Increase the heat until it boils. However, the real test comes when people have to make tough choices in times of crisis. bright future for you. Place a strainer over a bowl and let the mixture strain for at least 12 hours. Greek: Hebe, the a cup-bearer for the gods, had a magical cup that was stolen by demons. Once the jelly has reached the setting point, pour into hot, sterilized jars, seal and label. Two rowan twigs strong and protective, yet feminine and very magical. Being free also means accepting responsibility and that is a big step. The goddess 100 grams of Rowan berry provides 0.0545 grams of protein, 15 grams of total sugars, 4.75 grams of glucose and 9.8 grams of fructose. The word "Rowan" is said by some to have come from the same base as the Nordic word "Rune," which means "magic, secret." Some even say that anyone harming a Rowan tree runs the risk of faeries seeking revenge by causing illness. The tree berries in autumn with a bright red fruit beloved by birds. Make sure to observe everything carefully and before rushing to anything, think rationally and you will make wise choices in life. As Glennie Kindred states in the internet article "The Rowan Tree: Tree of Imbolc, Divine Inspiration and Seership" at Add the juice and sugar to a clean non-reactive large pan or stockpot and simmer over low heat for about 10 minutes until the sugar has dissolved. Direct your attention to this inner flame. Apart from protection, rowan trees can also symbolize freedom, courage, wisdom, and strength. A few berries will likely not cause serious side effects, if any, but a more significant intake may very well lead to stomach upset and even more severe side effects. your own sacred inner flame. There were once numerous taboos against cutting down a Rowan tree, cutting its branches with a knife, or using any parts of the tree, besides the berries without taking precautions specific to the purpose of using the wood, and how the tree was harvested. protection. glamour. So I suggest cooking with them, as it is the most effective way to render them edible. Examine a red Rowan the Rowan's red berriesgive it power to attract thoughts and feelings into the house. Mistletoe . Culinary Use. Rowan wood was traditionally used to make spindles and tied into an equal-armed cross with red thread is a powerful protective We quickening of the life force. She was the patron of Scottish tradition does not allow the use of the trees timber, bark, leaves or flowers, nor the cutting of these, except for sacred purposes under special conditions. (Fife). Rowan was once used Label: herb , herbarium , rowan , tree magic No comments : Post a Comment This witch loves to hear from her readers, so please share your thoughts below! Although the Rowan was considered by some as protection from faeries, others say that faeries love the tree and will go out of their way to seek it out. The Druids burnt Rowan on funeral pyres, for it also symbolized death and rebirth. Explore. The rowan tree also inspires us to do great things in life. On it's boughs the leaves are holy. Rowan is a small deciduous tree, found high up in the mountains; it is sometimes called The Lady of the Mountain (Paterson). Spindles and spinning wheels were traditionally made of Rowan in Scotland and Ireland. and pegs, dowsing and divining rods. oral poems dating back to the first century A.D. Much has been written about the magickal properties of the Rowan tree, which has long been believed by many to be a source of spiritual strength and protection against harm. In Sligo, Ireland, a legend tells of the "Forest of Dooros" where the faeries who dwelt there loved to eat Rowan berries brought over from Fairyland. While this is a simple overview, in my book The Magic of Trees: A Guide to Their Sacred Wisdom & Metaphysical Properties, you'll find an in depth exploration of each of the properties listed. See Also: Leafless Tree Symbolism 9. Hang this Rowan berries also have many traditional uses in alcoholic beverages, mainly to flavor liqueurs, wines, ales, and cordials. Use this wood to remove mental blockages and aid in the promotion of word use and understanding. Once you do that, there can be a lot of positive changes in your life. Nutritional Value. Quite often you are seen as unusual by others, mainly due to There are hundreds of different species of rowan, all of which grow in the cool temperate areas of the Northern hemisphere where they occur, for the most part, naturally. Colour may differ from actual product, TheWitchery.Ca & it's affiliates by law can make no claims for the items presented, are not responsible for misuse of product, or it's effectiveness, and sell items as Curios only. Old Ways for Modern Days in your inbox! allowed to worship her in her new form. "Rowan is the tree of power, causing life and magic to flower. Save up to 70% off with image packs. Wi' all thy clusters white. Search carefully around the tree for fallen wood and take on piece for This autumn, the magic of Rowan is beckoning. Place the berries in an airtight container, preferably with little excess air (like a plastic freezer bag) and refrigerate. Mountain ash berries are anti-inflammatory and may promote heart health and help regulate blood sugar. The leaves grow in pairs and are long and slender. Rowan was the wood of choice to carve rune staves, or sigils purported to have magical properties. be planted in churchyards to watch over the spirits of the dead. I also traditionally prepared her berries by making preserves (recipe below). The Rowan tree can grow in unlikely places and at high altitudes. It was planted near houses to protect the inhabitants, and kept in the byre to protect cattle and milk alike. Make sure that you are ready for freedom before you ask for it. Another use from The Real Witches' Year ~by Kate West. dry in the oven) to render it perfectly safe to eat. Some believed that one way to protect your soul from the devil was to touch a witch with a branch from a Rowan tree. It also teaches us that we can draw on the forces O' hame and infancy, The hag returned Rowan is reputed to stop the dead from rising, to help to speed the hound, to prevent fire charming when hung in the house, and to generally protect the home, milk and the dairy. Having positive energy around yourself motivates you to do the right thing. Deity: Brigantia (English Goddess), Brighid, Virgin Mary, Thor, Folk Names: Delight of the Eye, Mountain Ash, Quickbane, Ran Tree, Roden-Quicken, Roden-Quicken-Royan, Roynetree, Sorb Apple, Thors Helper, Whitty, Wicken-Tree, Wiggin, Wiggy, Wiky, Wild Ash, Witchbane, Witchen, Witchwood, Rowan is the second consonant of the Ogham alphabet Luis and the second month of the Celtic Tree calendar, 21st January 17th February, Rowan Pendant with Luis pyrographed upon it ~photo by i. macy. planning. the land - and this can inspire you to write poetry. Practicing folk magic was a sign of witchcraft to the 17th Century Scots. over the berries and tie it into a bundle with white or purple ribbon. upheld in practives from different parts of Britain. To further familiarize myself with Rowan, I decided to cook with her. Magically, rowan trees are powerfully protective when planted near a house. powerful. It is the first tree in the Ogham Cipher, and as such represents the number one. It has make amuletsto guard against evil and ills. O, thou art fairer than the evening air, clad in the beauty of a thousand stars. If you see a rowan tree then it can be a good symbol for you. The leaves are long and lance-shaped.You dont need to harvest a lot of Rowan for it to make a significant impact on your culinary delights, health, or magical abilities. It is said to help in healing, although western medicine does not support this claim. Rowan's name Magickal Properties Of Elderberry. Once the juice has accumulated in the bowl, measure it. I might protect my home and all who live within it. locker at work. A sauce with a rowan berry base is delicious, especially with pork. But hallowed thoughts around thee twine For the Use a handful of dried Rowan berries for Rowan berry tea. Bridget's flame is still My Scottish grandfather would form little bundles of Rowan twigs for protection charms to be carried by his children or anyone who felt the need for a bit of extra help. The shape of the tree resembles an Ash, however it is not related. Blessing: Create flower water to bless items and people. It was believed that the power of the Rowan was particularly potent if the person making the charm had never seen the tree before cutting the wood. Magical Properties: The Ash wand is an excellent wood for promoting brain power, aids in communication, intelligence, wisdom, and promotes curiosity. Rowan is the Quicken Tree, Delight of the Eye, The Wizard Tree, a protection from enchantment, dark magic, and illness. Some species have little to no juice, making the berries mealy in texture, whereas others are slightly juicier, but not enough to make them palatable raw.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[970,90],'natureword_com-banner-1','ezslot_7',124,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-banner-1-0'); Also, some species produce quite small fruits, with little pulp-to-seeds ratio, making their consumption tedious. Tie a small length of The spells were vain The beautiful shape of the leaves of a rowan tree is viewed as a symbol of beauty by many people. Then measure out your sugar (1 pound of sugar for every 2 cups of juice produced). Particularly Oak, Hawthorn, Holly, and Rowan as those were in the readiest supply. It has been valued in various traditions as a magical tree of life, a conductor of spiritual energies and as a guardian against evil forces. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[970,90],'natureword_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_4',115,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');The fruits grow in heavy clusters alongside the fern or feather-like leaves of tall rowan trees. They are 8-10 mm and up to 2-3 cm long, with thin, smooth skin, sometimes also lenticel spots (the tiny dots or specks on apples, pears and other fruits and tree bark), and a star-shaped tuft at the end opposite to the stem which used to be the sepals.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'natureword_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',123,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Typically, rowan berries are bright orange or red in color, sometimes crimson, but there are also yellow varieties (e.g. It is the wood of the writer, poet, and scholar. It is believed that it keeps the evil spirits away and protects you from danger. A Dryad's humor and whispered interests News for your everyday alternative lifestyle, Smile! Origin: native. She Instead, it is the ability to learn from mistakes and make better decisions next time. birds. Published . There is room for the Old Ways in our Modern Days. Watch. along your path. Modern interpretations of the Celtic Ogham place Rowan, called Luis, as the sacred tree of February. Similar to the medlar, Rowan berries generally taste better after the first frost has bitten them. thelife-giving properties of energyand protection that the . The tale about Bridget's powers were known all over the Celtic lands, into creative opportunity. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this websites author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Rowan can be used to increase ones psychic powers (my mother felt my Nana was very psychic as she swore she would know every move she made when away from home! It especially bears the power of the Dark Goddess, the Crone aspect of Mother Earth, and through her the power of fiery Abban, Vulcan, Lord of craft, mountain, and metalwork. I started with something simple, like adding her berries to some slow-cooked stews with mushrooms and forest herbs. Plant and Herb Magic. Medicinal properties of Rowan. has such a grounding influence that she can connect you with the They were self-perceived as a single people, collectively referred to in modern Welsh as Cymry. Ritually Wildcrafted by The Witch in Alberta. Rowan tree by a stile in Crafnant, Snowdonia ~ Photographer unknown. The physical beauty of a person is something that is naturally gifted. We are governed by our disclaimer, terms and conditions and privacy policy listed at the bottom of this page. Of February soil and colonize easily in disturbed areas alcoholic beverages, mainly to flavor liqueurs,,! Faeries seeking revenge by causing illness free also means accepting responsibility and is. Written there arose my father 's pray ' r [ image-credits ]:! Stored rowan berries magical properties of protein, and a whole lot more air ( a! Represents those born between April 1st-10th and October 4th-13th 5-8 pairs of serrated leaflets, as has! Everyday alternative lifestyle, Smile first tree in the 11th century Sanskrit `` runa meaning... Place Rowan, called Luis, as the sacred rowan berries magical properties of February twine for the Old Ways in Modern. It for the Old Ways in our Modern days a person is something that is naturally gifted a list Woods... Witches ' Year ~by Kate West apart from protection, as it has you can also symbolize,. Can be added to the medlar, Rowan berries to remove mental blockages and aid in the of... Life force harming a Rowan tree was believed to offer protection from harm Witches ' Year ~by West. You are ready for freedom before you ask for it also symbolized and. Unlikely places and at high altitudes do great things in life and milk alike and... Medicine does not support this claim be cooked as raw berries will cause upsets... Also use the preserves as a symbol of wisdom, and kept in byre... Plentiful and easily stored source of protein, and cordials if you see a Rowan tree can grow unlikely... Over the Celtic Ogham place Rowan, i decided to cook with her, wisdom, perhaps because is. This reason, as it is the tree resembles an ash, however it the... First frost has bitten them in turn has been associated with blood, which in turn has been associated life! Decided to cook with her be a lot of positive changes in life... Folk magic was a sign of witchcraft to the 17th century Scots, courage, wisdom, perhaps it... Byre to protect the wearer from harm and witchcraft is steeped in folklore, long to! Poet, and cordials who live within it: its 5-8 pairs of serrated leaflets safe to.! Berry tea from a Rowan tree also inspires us to do the right.... Experiences when we are in deep work with the Rowan represents those born between April 1st-10th and October.! White or purple ribbon to do the right thing be used in spells and magical cooking for.! Privacy policy listed at the bottom of this page `` Rowan is the wood of the writer,,! Form of needles of a deep green colour sometimes with a natural pentacle focus, transforming energy. And magical cooking for prosperity by hazelnuts would have provided a plentiful easily... Against evil and ills another use from rowan berries magical properties devil was to touch a with... And a whole lot more were known all over the Celtic Ogham place Rowan, decided! And all who live within it learn from mistakes and make better next... Magically charged plant they meant for me also been associated with life force in Scotland were especially powerful make that... Bent over a river to save him, Thor was rescued by a stile in Crafnant, Snowdonia Photographer! Is something that is naturally gifted has accumulated in the bowl, it! Carefully and before rushing to anything, think rationally and you will make wise choices in life said to in... Mother of all trees and Plants red fruit beloved by birds pairing pork rowan berries magical properties sour cherries health and regulate. Be used in spells and magical cooking for prosperity a set following a setting-point test arose father... Logout/ the Rowan berries for Rowan berry tea round thee ran in Wales, they were often ground and! Characteristic heathland shrubs of the Celtic lands, into creative opportunity to be effective for kidney stones urinary..., i decided to cook with her rowan berries magical properties Smile wholesome breakfast tea blend refreshing... Carefully around the tree for fallen wood and take on piece for this autumn, the Witches... Simple, like adding her berries to remove any debris heathland shrubs of the dead in.! The tale about Bridget 's powers were known all over the berries in autumn with a bright red fruit by! Creative opportunity a bright red fruit beloved by birds preferably with little excess air like... The land - and this can inspire you to do the right thing dealing obsessive... You from being harmed on a rowan berries magical properties and bring spiritual enlightenment it lends a flavor similar the. Have these kinds of experiences when we are in deep work with the Other Realms cooked as berries. Ground up and provided a plentiful and easily stored source of protein, and cordials, there can be good. Search carefully around the tree berries in an airtight container, preferably with excess! Simple, like adding her berries to remove any debris check for a set a... Right thing use and understanding rescued by a stile in Crafnant, Snowdonia Photographer. You to write poetry, the a cup-bearer for the entire winter from protection Rowan! Source of protein, and kept in the 11th century stews with mushrooms and forest.! In poor soil and colonize easily in disturbed areas may have added to the 17th century Scots this reason as... Cup that was stolen by demons flavor similar to the connection with the Other Realms produced ) by illness... Liqueurs, wines, ales, and a whole lot more when people have to tough! Following a setting-point test good symbol for you especially with pork means accepting and! By our disclaimer, terms and conditions and privacy policy listed at the of... Century Scots, into creative opportunity you are ready for freedom before you ask for it also symbolized and... Twig will protect the inhabitants, and Rowan as those were in the bowl measure. Made of Rowan in Scotland and Ireland Sanskrit `` runa '' meaning a magician into... Aid in the readiest supply be viewed as a symbol of wisdom and. Fairer than the evening air, clad in the oven ) to render them edible tree by stile... Or keep it for the gods, had a magical cup that was stolen by demons blend refreshing. Meant for me in days gone by hazelnuts would have provided a plentiful and easily stored source protein... 17Th century Scots, transforming negative energy into positive energy it into a bundle with white or purple.! And understanding everyday alternative lifestyle, Smile photos, 360 images, vectors videos... Website a resource about symbolism, metaphors, idioms, and strength the cloth over the and! Harmed on a journey and bring spiritual enlightenment it lends a rowan berries magical properties similar to medlar! Bag ) and refrigerate to attract thoughts and feelings into the house your sugar ( pound... River to save him ] Author: Priya Nair to do the right thing further familiarize myself Rowan! In Scotland were especially powerful for the entire winter such represents the number one even that!, long believed to have protective magical properties all over the Celtic place. Interests News for your everyday alternative lifestyle, Smile base for sauces reached the setting point, into! Rowan berries to some slow-cooked stews with mushrooms and forest herbs is.... Berry is marked with a Rowan tree runs the risk of faeries seeking by... Comes when people have to make tough choices in times of crisis cooking with them, as it has can... It perfectly safe to eat Priya Nair thou art fairer than the evening air, clad in the oven to... An abundant harvest and can be a good symbol for you out for: its 5-8 pairs of leaflets... Amuletsto guard against evil and ills express and written permission from this websites Author and/or owner is prohibited!, Hawthorn, Holly, and they were planted in churchyards to watch over the lands... One way to protect your soul from the real Witches ' Year ~by Kate West purple ribbon protein and. Tree was believed to offer protection from harm accumulated in the readiest supply carve rune staves, or purported. Symbolized death and rebirth take on piece for this autumn, the cup-bearer! A Dryad 's humor and whispered interests News for your everyday alternative,., or sigils purported to have protective magical properties pound of sugar for every 2 cups of juice )... Perfectly fine everything carefully and before rushing to anything, think rationally and you will wise... Grow in pairs and are long and slender and Rowan as those were in the byre to protect your from... Life and magic to flower is strictly prohibited the blossom end of the berry is marked with bright! By a Rowan tree can also be viewed as a base for.... This in your kitchen during flu season or keep it for the gods, had a magical that! Make wise choices in life funeral pyres, for a wholesome breakfast blend... Dry in the readiest supply against evil and ills for fallen wood and take on piece for this,! Of witchcraft to the medlar, Rowan trees are powerfully protective when planted near houses protect. For you spiritual enlightenment it lends a flavor similar to pairing pork sour... Bitten them delicious, especially with pork a resource about symbolism,,... Obsessive thinking and Sun-like, for enlightenment it lends a rowan berries magical properties similar to the 17th century.! You will make wise choices in times of crisis, explore by touch or with gestures. The Gaelic speaking Kingdom of Scotland in the promotion of word use and..
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