All rights reserved. Hugh Beadnell, Fayoum 1898. In addition to expanding the valleys marine menagerie, Qarmoutus represents an entirely new genus and species, making it an intriguing early branch on the catfish family tree. What if we could clean them out? Isis succeeds in touching Set with her harpoon, which makes Horus win (who wins a trial against Set for the first time). Two close views of the fossilized second dorsal spine from the ancient catfish Qarmoutus hitanensis. This site uses functional cookies and external scripts to improve your experience. The first fossil skeletons of whales were discovered in the winter of 190203. However, when he realized that Nephthys was cheating on him with Osiris, he began to feel a deep hatred for his brother. In an annual rite called the Banishing of Chaos, priests would build an effigy of Apep that was thought to contain all of the evil and darkness in Egypt, and burn it to protect everyone from Apep's evil for another year. Set will therefore retain his place as king of Egypt (exercising a much less just and upright reign than his brother during his lifetime). Set thus claimed that the final test would be a race of ships built only with stones. Each night Apopis encountered Re at a particular hour in the sun god's ritual journey . CAIRO, Aug 25 Scientists said on Wednesday they had discovered the 43 million-year-old fossil of a previously unknown amphibious four-legged whale species in Egypt that helps trace the transition of whales from land to sea. Unearthed in Wadi Al-Hitan, a dramatic, forbidding desert southwest of Cairo, the fossil catfish has been named Qarmoutus hitanensis, and it would have lived roughly 37 million years ago. People always think that we are searching for antiques or gold, because much of our field work is usually in places that are famous for their monuments, she says. The remains display the typical streamlined body form of modern whales, yet retaining some of the primitive aspects of skull and tooth structure. This eye will have the capacity to see "what-is-invisible" (i.e. Every night, as the sun travelled though the underworld (or across the sky), his roar would fill the air and he would launch his attack. Every day he would attempt to devour the Sun Boat of Ra as it sailed the heavens. Curators are realizing that returning looted artifacts isnt closing museumsits opening new doors. [citation needed], Only about 1,000 visitors a year drive into Wd al-tn by 4WD because the track is unpaved and crosses unmarked desert sands. - Maat, the winged goddess of justice: offering magical healing to her team and, able to fly, catching the team members who have fallen out of the boat of Ra. In this event, the two rival gods must each plunge to the bottom of the Nile as hippopotamuses and hold their breath as long as possible. Nevertheless, the myth cannot stop here: Ra is extremely offended that his opinion is not asked (because he is the father and first of all the gods of Egypt). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [8] When the cliffs of the Birket Qarun Formation are followed to the East, they are replaced by Gehannam Formation mudstones, indicating a change in water depth from shallower to deeper in that direction. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Mad with rage, Set throws himself on Horus' boat to ransack it and the deception is revealed. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds, Why wetlands are so critical for life on Earth, Rest in compost? Virgin Galactic finishes lengthy spacecraft upgrades, plans Q2 commercial service, NASA names solar physicist as agency's science chief, Additional reporting by Sameh Elkhatib; editing by Aidan Lewis and Richard Pullin, NASA, SpaceX postpone launch of next space station crew at 11th hour, SpaceX set to launch next International Space Station crew for NASA, Saint Laurent hits Paris catwalk with broad-shouldered glamour, PREVIEW Motor racing-Verstappen aiming for his best start to a season, All Blacks coach Foster says won't re-apply for job post-World Cup, WTA roundup: Top seed Magda Linette falls in Austin, Malan guides England past Bangladesh in low-scoring ODI, Exclusive news, data and analytics for financial market professionals. El Naddaha is often adduced as being a classic genie, which (unlike the other entities on this list) would place her in the Muslim rather than the classical Egyptian pantheon. Apep, commonly known in Greece as Apophis, was a god of chaos in Egyptian mythology. To do so, he visited thebest craftsmen in the world tocreate a beautiful chestcovered with precious stones and metals. Updates? On its side, the tree grew at a supernatural speed, thanks to the divine presence of the body of the deceased Osiris. This public park is now regularly visited by tourist groups, and a small camp site is present. For his redemption after his less than laudable past, Set is quite appreciated by the Egyptian pharaohs (since his mission is to fight against evil and ensure that the fragility of the order of things does not shatter). Apep was seen as a giant snake or serpent leading to such titles as Serpent from the Nile and Evil Dragon. Cookies that are necessary to enable my site to function. The fossil was first found by Egyptian environmentalists in 2008 in an area covered by seas in prehistoric times, but researchers only published their findings confirming a new species last month. Apep, or Apophis, is the powerful opponent of the sun god, Ra. Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, California is having an epic 'supershroom' season, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, 3 ways Jimmy Carter changed the world for the better, The meaning of the cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday, The mystery of London's elusive Roman amphitheater, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. [4], While in most texts Apep is described as a giant snake, he is sometimes depicted as a crocodile. A. The many trials of the competition culminate in the trial called the "Hippopotamus Trial". Apep was personified with the darkness of the darkest hour of the night, against which the God of light Ra must not only battle, but fight successfully before he could rise in the east in the morning. Shu and Thoth find despicable that Set could deprive Horus by killing his father of his rightful royal place. Omissions? Apep, pronounced / pp /, was named by a team of astronomers led by Joseph Callingham of ASTRON, who studied the system between 2016 and 2018 and published a scientific paper on their observations. The transition took place over roughly 10 million years, according to an article published on the discovery in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Egypts Western Desert region is already known for the so-called Whale Valley, or Wadi al-Hitan, a tourist attraction and the countrys only natural World Heritage site that contains fossil remains of another type of prehistoric whales. Its fossil was unearthed from middle Eocene rocks in the Fayum Depression in Egypts Western Desert an area once covered by sea that has provided a rich seam of discoveries showing the evolution of whales before being studied at Mansoura University Vertebrate Palaeontology Centre (MUVP). The myth of Apep in the Egyptian mythology, The myth of the eternal combat of Apep against Ra, The other Apep: the snake Jrmungandr and the asteroid 99942 Apophis, Sobek, the crocodile god of strength and power, 3) The other version of the myth of Apep: Set, the substitute of Ra, choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. On the premise that evolution applies every bit as much to mythical creatures as it does to those made of flesh and blood, the Griffin must be one of the best-adapted monsters in the Egyptian pantheon, still going strong in the public imagination after 5,000 years! Build the strongest argument relying on authoritative content, attorney-editor expertise, and industry defining technology. As the arch enemy of the sun god, Ra, he was a malevolent force who could never be entirely vanquished. Unearthed in Wadi Al-Hitan, a dramatic, forbidding desert southwest of Cairo, the fossil catfish has been named Qarmoutus hitanensis, and it would have lived roughly 37 million years ago. as a giant red and gold bird born anew every day, like the sun. As an adult, Horus claims the throne of his father from the greatest and wisest of the gods organized in an instance called the "divine assembly". [1/4]Abdullah Gohar, a researcher at El Mansoura, university works on renovating the 43 million-year-old fossil of a previously unknown four-legged amphibious whale called "Phiomicetus Anubis", that helps trace the transition of whales from land to sea, which were discovered in the Fayum Depression in the Western Desert of Egypt, near the town of El Mansoura, north of Cairo, Egypt August 26, 2021. Ulysses S. Grant: 10 Incredible Military Achievements, The Boston Massacre: The American Revolution. It would have walked on land but also hunted in the water. [7] Please be respectful of copyright. The trial begins with a boat construction: Horus starts by looking for some beautiful stones to build his boat. Apep, also known as Apophis in Greek, was the Egyptian god of chaos. About 400 skeletons of ancient water life such as mammals and reptiles have been identified in what used to be an ancient shoreline. Apep's Place in the Mythology of Egypt . By Mahmoud Mourad. The 43 million-year-old fossil was found in Egypt's Western Desert. The chest and Osirisgradually found themselves in the middle of its trunk. [13] The chapters described a gradual process of dismemberment and disposal, and include: In addition to stories about Ra's victories, this guide had instructions for making wax models, or small drawings, of the serpent, which would be spat on, mutilated and burnt, whilst reciting spells that would kill Apep. the Siren of Greek myth, and that creepy girl from the "Ring" movies, El Naddaha has a relatively recent origin compared with the 5,000-year span of Egyptian mythology. If the asteroid Apophisfell into the ocean (which would be a lesser evil), its impact would cause a tsunami whose waves, 170 meters high, would reach the coasts of all the continents of the world! "Monsters and Mythical Creatures of Ancient Egypt." Later details about the mythical phoenix, such as its periodic destruction by fire, were added much later, but there is some speculation that even the word "phoenix" is a distant corruption of "Bennu.". According to Egyptian mythology, every night since the creation of the world, Apep has tried to eat Ra, even though the latter was always defended by Set, Sobek, Maat, Isis, and Thoth. Apep could be mortally wounded, but he had the ability to regenerate when he was covered by the deepest darkness of the world of the dead. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. They call upon the just and wise Osiris (who became god of the dead after his death) to guide them in their decision. Subsequently, the priest called on all forms of evil in Egypt to possess of the effigy. Apep was often depicted as a huge serpent with tightly compressed coils to emphasis his huge size. 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. Set's original role was to battle Apep and keep him from destroying the boat. Its partial skeleton revealed it as the most primitive protocetid whale known from Africa. The dead were often considered defenders of the principle Maat, ensuring that the land of Egypt remained orderly. Named by one of the few Egyptian women to pursue paleontology, the new fish species swam beside leggy whales 37 million years ago. Other mammals are represented by the skeletons of three species of sirenia or sea cows. At about 6.5 feet long, the creature would have been on the upper end of the catfish size scale, coming close to modern-day behemoths like the Mekong giant catfish in Southeast Asia and the Wels catfish in Europe. Wd al-tn provides evidences of millions of years of coastal marine life. When upper and lower Egypt were unified around 3,000 B.C., depictions of both Uraeus and Nekhbet were diplomatically incorporated into the royal headdress, and were known informally in the Pharaonic court as "the two ladies.". The whale belongs to the family of Protecetids, extinct semi-aquatic whales that lived from 59 to 34 million years ago, Sallam said. The rocks present at Wd al-tn are all Middle to Late Eocene in age and comprise three main rock units. The Coffin Texts imply that Apep used a magical gaze to overwhelm Ra and his entourage. Description: Apep was the ancient spirit of evil and destruction who dwelled in eternal darkness. Even though the fossil is relatively old in the way we ordinarily think of ages in millions of years, it is still essentially anatomically modern and directly comparable to living catfishes, says John Lundberg of Drexel Universitys Academy of Natural Sciences. A mythological chimera composed of the head of a crocodile, the forelimbs of a lion, and the hind limbs of a hippopotamus, Ammit was the personification of the man-eating predators so feared by ancient Egyptians. Set wins all the tests organized by the jury by this not very honorable way. If they failed, the world would be plunged into darkness. Geisler was not involved in the research. It is also believed to have had sharp hearing and a sense of smell. Apopis, also called Apep, Apepi, or Rerek, ancient Egyptian demon of chaos, who had the form of a serpent and, as the foe of the sun god, Re, represented all that was outside the ordered cosmos. Although he was believed to have existed since primeval times, Apep is not mentioned by name until the Middle Kingdom. [12], Wd al-tn is also home to 15 species of desert plants, sand dunes, and about 15 types of wild mammals including the Egyptian wolf, red fox, African leopard, Egyptian mongoose, African wildcat, and dorcas gazelle. His name is reconstructed by . Apep, Water Snake-Demon of Chaos, Enemy of Ra https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apep&oldid=1141593683, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 21:07. The Egyptian authorities must immediately release Ezzat Ghoniem, founder of the human rights organization Egyptian Coordination for Rights and Freedoms, and 13 others, all of whom are on trial on absurd charges stemming from their human rights work or peaceful dissent, Amnesty International said today, ahead of . [11], The geology of the valley gives rise to the scenery, with wind and water erosion producing spectacular cliffs and buttes. Set soon became jealous of Osiris' position but kept this resentment to himself at first. There are many species of bony fish, sharks and rays represented, but most of the fossils are isolated small teeth and these are not often conspicuous. The whales genus name honors the Fayum Depression and species name refers to Anubis, the ancient canine-headed Egyptian god associated with mummification and the afterlife. (At the opposite end of that scale is the tiny parasitic candiru, which is infamous for legends that it can wiggle its way inside people via some uncomfortable places.). Two views of the first dorsal spine from the fossil catfish. According to his myth, Apep is responsible for eclipses. The Phiomicetus anubis (top). Osiris took his sister Isis as his wife while Set took his sister Nephthys as his wife. 1) Is it possible for Apep/Ninazu/Neheb-Kau to be the same entity? What's more, the subterranean movements of Apep were said to cause earthquakes, and its violent encounters with Set, the god of the desert, spawned terrifying thunderstorms. Qarmoutus is now the first bony fish recovered from the same layers as the valleys better-known giants, which may mean the toothed predators saw the meaty catfish as a potential snack. But even though it would be hefty by todays standards, the Eocene-era creature was just a pint-sized swimmer compared to the valleys most famous denizens. 'Wadi of the Whales' Egyptian Arabic pronunciation:[wa.di elit.n] (listen)) is a paleontological site in the Faiyum Governorate of Egypt, some 150 kilometres (93mi) south-west of Cairo. August 27, 2021, 7:55 AM. Every night, as the sun travelled though the underworld (or across the sky), his roar would fill the air and he would launch his attack. Saint Laurent designer Anthony Vaccarello drew his Paris Fashion Week audience into a dark, chandelier-lined runway Tuesday night, sending out a sensual lineup of night-club-ready eveningwear derived from office classicsblazers, pinstripes and pencil skirts. [14], Apep below the barque of Ra with seven knives, Book of the Dead of Amenemsaouf, 21st Dynasty, Louvre Museum, Paris, The hieroglyph for Apep's name showing a serpent stabbed with five knives, Temple of Edfu, Ptolemaic period, Ra, in the form of a cat, smiting Apep with a knife. Although many serpents symbolized divinity and royalty, Apophis threatened the underworld and symbolized evil. The bones were in really bad shape, so fragmentary, that they couldnt be fixed. Apep was first mentioned in the Eighth Dynasty, and he was honored in the names of the Fourteenth Dynasty king 'Apepi and of the Greater Hyksos king Apophis. Because Apeps place of dwelling was the underworld, Egyptians also placed spells and recited prayers to protect their deceased from Apep. Strauss, Bob. Very angry, Horus tears off his mother's head and throws it away (fortunately, Thoth fetches this head and resuscitates Isis). First Intermediate period was actually a dark age, Bard, Kathryn (2008) An introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Pinch, Geraldine (2002) Handbook Egyptian Mythology, Redford Donald B (2002) Ancient Gods Speak, Watterson, Barbara (1996) Gods of Ancient Egypt, Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003) The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. CAIRO, Aug 25 (Reuters) - Scientists said on Wednesday they had discovered the 43 million-year-old fossil of a previously unknown amphibious four-legged whale species in Egypt . This story has been shared 114,128 times. Biologist Zeb Hogan has a mammoth Wels catfish on the line a fish known to eat ducks, turtles, and sometimes even pigeons. Hundreds of fossils catch these ancient whales in the act of losing their land-legs and entering the sea. 7) What is the Egyptian significance of Apep and the Good Tree? Larger fish fossils include the rostra and pegs of sawfish; a sawfish rostrum of 1.8 metres long is laid out in the park. Apep (Aapep, Apepi or Apophis) was the ancient Egyptian spirit of evil, darkness and destruction. The council therefore declares Horus the winner. To prevent any resurrection that might lead to the end of his reign, Set cuts the body of Osiris into fourteen pieces and scatters them throughout Egypt. [1] For the next 80 years they attracted relatively little interest, largely due to the difficulty of reaching the area. Can we bring a species back from the brink? Osiris cannot be reconstituted in its entirety and is brought back to life with an incomplete body. The prehistoric whale, known as semi-aquatic because it lived on land and sea, sported features of an accomplished hunter, making it stand out among other whale fossils, the teams leading paleontologist Hesham Sallam told the Associated Press news agency on Tuesday. and was the very embodiment of the powers of dissolution, darkness and non-being. He was not worshipped, he was feared, but was possibly the only god (other than The Aten during the Amarna period) who was considered to be all powerful. Monsters and Mythical Creatures of Ancient Egypt. Apep would swallow the sun god, but they would cut a hole in the belly of the snake to allow the sun god to escape. CAIRO (AP) Egyptian scientists say the fossil of a four-legged prehistoric whale, unearthed over a decade ago in the country's Western Desert, is that of a previously unknown species. 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All rights reserved, wiggle its way inside people via some uncomfortable places, treasure trove of prehistoric whale bones. In Egyptian religion, Set gradually takes the place of Ra in the myth of the solar boat and replaces the entire team of Egyptian gods. Apep was viewed as the greatest enemy of Ra, and thus was given the title Enemy of Ra, and also "the Lord of Chaos". Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Papyrus of Hunefer, 19th dynasty, Atum facing Apep with a spear, tomb of Ramesses I, 19th Dynasty (c. 12921290 BC), This article is about the ancient Egyptian deity. The fossil was first found by Egyptian environmentalists in 2008 in an area covered by seas in prehistoric times, but researchers only published their findings confirming a new species last month. Thanks to its size, 99942 Apophiswill be visible to the naked eye during its closest passage to the Earth in April 2029. He thus creates himself the last missing fragment and reconstitutes a new and more efficienteye thanks to a new magical sixth piece. The arch-enemy of Ma'at (the goddess of truth mentioned in the previous slide), Apep was a giant mythological snake that stretched for 50 feet from head to tail (oddly enough, we now have fossil evidence that some real-life snakes, like the allusively named Titanoboa of South America, actually attained these gigantic sizes). Like Set, Apep was also associated with various frightening natural events such as unexplained darkness caused by solar eclipse, storms and earthquakes. Fossil shells are not common in the main whale-bearing rocks, but are very common in other rocks; many fallen rocks can be seen to be full of a wide variety of fossil shells. The new whale, named Phiomicetus anubis, had an estimated body length of some three meters (10 feet) and a body mass of about 1,300 lb and was likely a top predator, the researchers said. Sphinxes aren't exclusively Egyptian depictions of these human-headed, lion-bodied beasts have been discovered as far afield as Turkey and Greece but the Great Sphinx of Giza, in Egypt, is by far the most famous member of the breed. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The falcon Sun god declares that Horus may well make a bad king. As soon as his work is finished, Thoth gives the eye back to Horus, who will thus not be disadvantaged in any way in the upcoming boat race. The presence of fossils of other early animals such as sharks, crocodiles, sawfish, turtles and rays found at Wd al-tn makes it possible to reconstruct the surrounding environmental and ecological conditions of the time, adding to its justification to be cited as a Heritage site. [12] The tops of the higher cliffs are within the Qasr el Sagha Formation, which comprises dark mudstones alternating with limestones full of shells and represents a lagoonal environment. 6) Could Neith/Nehemtawy be the same entity ie mother and consort? Fortunately, further calculations concluded that this collision was much less likely (0.01% finally). It is misleading to refer to Apep as a god in the Egyptian context. A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. Let's discover immediately the story of the largest snake of ancient Egypt! Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. Horus becomes very worried: it is important for him to recover the throne that was once stolen from his father. Researchers in Egypt found the fossil of an extinct, four-legged whale that lived both on land and in the sea. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. With the will to put his young son in power, Osiris tries to tip the jury's balance in his favor with a clever stratagem. In other texts Apep was equated with Set (who was after all a god of chaos) and an army of major and minor gods and goddesses (including Isis, Neith, Serqet (Selket), Geb, Aker and the followers of Horus and other unnamed gods in the form of monkeys) would defend him. According to legend, after a person died, the Egyptian godAnubis weighed the deceased's heart on a scale against a single feather from Ma'at, the goddess of truth. Only Book of the Dead Spells 7 and 39 can be explained as such. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. After having been the god of chaos and destruction, now he is able to question himself by working for the good cause. Despite recent fossil discoveries, the big picture of early whale evolution in Africa has largely remained a mystery, the researchers said. Explore a billion-year-old volcanic mystery on Lake Superior, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, These Lake Superior islands are no place for amateurs, Photograph by Richard Barnes, Nat Geo Image Collection. He appears in art as a giant serpent. [10] Apep's movements were thought to cause earthquakes, and his battles with Set may have been meant to explain the origin of thunderstorms. Which travel companies promote harmful wildlife activities? The Egyptian government said that in July 2007 a pair of cars driven by Belgian diplomats entered a protected zone in this area and destroyed part of the whale fossil, causing 10 million US dollars' worth of damage. The ultimate origins of The Griffin are shrouded in mystery, but we do know that this fearsome beast is mentioned in both ancient Iranian and ancient Egyptian texts. This is yet another new species of early whales from the time when they retained four functional limbs, said Jonathan Geisler, an expert on the evolutionary history of mammals with New York Institute of Technology. Who was the Goddess Nut in Egyptian Mythology? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. "Monsters and Mythical Creatures of Ancient Egypt." During the Roman Period, he was sometimes referred to as he who was spat out and considered to have been born of the saliva of the goddess Neith. "This is a species that was not known . He addresses the Sun, the Moon, and all the stars and asks them to follow him into his subterranean realm. This appropriately made him a part of the underworld. To do so, nothing could be simpler: just click on the image below! 3) Any record of Neheb-Kau and Nehemtawy having children? 5) Any record of Apep having children? Which cookies and scripts are used and how they impact your visit is specified on the left. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He did not require any nourishment and could never be completely destroyed, only temporarily defeated. Desperate to get a look at this enchanting creature, the bewitched victim veers closer and closer to the water, until he falls (or is dragged) in and drowns. He then cuts that eye into six equal parts and hides them throughout the world. Reuters, the news and media division of Thomson Reuters, is the worlds largest multimedia news provider, reaching billions of people worldwide every day. I was so excited, as it was my first field trip ever, and I worked with the team to excavate the fish fossil, which I would later name Qarmoutus hitanensis, she says. It is possible that he was born out of the chaos and uncertainty brought about by the end of the Old Kingdom. [10], Fossil reptiles are represented by fossils of crocodiles and sea turtles, and bones of sea snakes have also been recorded. Apep is a huge snake, allegedly as wide and long as the Nile. The new fossil was found in Egypt's wind-sculpted Wadi Al-Hitan, also called the Valley of the Whales. When he arrived, Osiris fully committed himself to his mission, he brought to humanity a peace, security and unity that had never been seen before. The whales possess small hind limbs, that are not seen in modern whales, and a powerful skull with teeth similar to those of carnivorous land mammals. Thanks for contacting us. With rocks covering about 12 million years, discoveries in the Fayum Depression "range from semiaquatic crocodile-like whales to giant fully aquatic whales", said Mohamed Sameh of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, a co-author. The newly discovered whale belongs to the Protocetidae, a group of extinct whales that falls in the middle of that transition, the Egyptian-led team of researchers said in a statement. Al Jazeera Centre for Public Liberties & Human Rights. At this event, he declared that he would offer the large chest to anyone who entered the chest in its entirety. Apep was first mentioned in the Eighth . https://www.thoughtco.com/egyptian-monsters-4145424 (accessed March 1, 2023). New AI may pass the famed Turing test. If the heart was found wanting, it would be devoured by Ammit, and the individual's soul would be cast for eternity into fiery limbo. The most conspicuous fossils are the skeletons and bones of whales and sea cows, and over several hundred fossils of these have been documented.
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