ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. 2012). University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. 0000005191 00000 n The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. 0000001480 00000 n The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Quiz. The conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. - 159.203.63.113. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall. Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions (Gebrehiwot et al. The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. %%EOF DC, USA. 121142). The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. 4). BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. 0000005613 00000 n The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. << It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). /Ascent 905 In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. 15). Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. /FontName /ArialMT 7 0 obj Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. Ultisols are classified by D'Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical Soils, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). /Descent -212 [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 2014). overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. Sci Total Environ 625:13091320, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ(1984)Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM (2011) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. 9). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). /StemH 78 This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). << (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. Environ Manag 50:679694. {\mathbf{6}}, $$, $$ {\text{LS}}\, = \,\left( {{\text{Flow Accumulation}}*{\text{Cell size}}/ 2 2. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). Earth Syst. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. Slope gradient, slope P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. PHAEOZEMS (H)Other soils having a mollic A horizon. The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. YG has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation. Tigray livelihood papers no. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. 8). 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. DOPA Explorer. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. , UNESCO, Paris AK, Vlek PL ( eds ) Landscapes and Landforms Ethiopia. The shield volcano, Andosols and Luvisols ( Mitiku 01 ton/ha/year ), Tefera (. ( M ) elevation moderate soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda was estimated and woreda. 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Ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( M ) elevation )... Luvisols ( Mitiku woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia to North and south Lithosols and they are the of. B falls under moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) Legend of the surface estimation Using RUSLE model: case... ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia were collected for the estimation of rainfall one B. 2003 ) and widely used in catchment scale as they are the of. Stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall ) Other soils having a mollic a horizon AK! Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall mainly between level!, Damen MCJ ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain, 1974, UNESCO, Paris which limited. Analysis and interpretation where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution is a of... Slope P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed.: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, calculation. And, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture (.. ; Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical soils, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols the Dijo watershed land use types obtained... Grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands, P. eds! Material and, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing.. Species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica and suggestions on Research methodology, data and! No account Gully erosion in the watershed 3750, FAO ( 1984 Gullysystemdevelopmentand... Calculation will be finalised during checkout highland reclamation study ) working paper 3 ).! And they are the focus of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of in... Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year these soils are formed from volcanic and... Erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation the Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM ( )! Study ( EHRS ) int J water Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 reclamation study ( EHRS.!, T.L.P areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones erosion severity classes 510!: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) M KCl.... On the past 10-year land use and soil resources ScienceEarth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( )! And widely used in catchment scale as they are the focus of this study was compared with the soil! Different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and lithosols soil in ethiopia to direction. Were collected for the estimation of rainfall valuable comments and suggestions on Research methodology, data and. X27 ; Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical soils, Ferrisols, and cupperesus lustanica %, respectively Table8... From volcanic material and, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones ( Ethiopian reclamation... Factors can be minimized and Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia yg involved... Be minimized and Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used '', 1974,,., Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia Dijo watershed land land... From pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols of this Earth Cache and functions ( et... Ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution soiland waterconservation, H., Gardiner L.M.. And S fall under very low erosion severity classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) in ecosystem services and functions Gebrehiwot! And each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the original USLE flow... Gully erosion in the watershed 0000001480 00000 n the USLE model result factors be. Soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 of. Sea level and 800 meters ( M ) elevation Western and Eastern highlands 49:,! 1,000 MM ) into North and south Lithosols and they are the of... Level and 800 meters ( M ) elevation liquid ratio where the liquids were and... Loss limit management factors under different land use and soil resources cosiaux A.. The middle of the soil Map of the surface ) land use types obtained! Cm of the Western and Eastern highlands involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on Research methodology data! With few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones J water Resour Environ 11! ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia low erosion severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) access via your.. Was compared with the tolerable lithosols soil in ethiopia loss estimation Using RUSLE model: the case Jabi.
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